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3408 E.H. Wang et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 3406e3418 Fig. 3. Schematic of B type of ORC. The heat addition from the waste gas to the working fluid Q_ e is denoted as Q_e1⁄4m_ðh3h2Þ (2) The work generated by the single screw expander W_ s is calculated by equation (3): W_ s 1⁄4 m_ðh3 h4Þ 1⁄4 m_ðh3 h4sÞhs The heat rejection from the condenser Q_ c is characterized by Q_c1⁄4m_ðh4h1Þ (4) Exergy is the maximum amount of work that can be done by a subsystem as it approaches thermodynamic equilibrium with its surroundings by a sequence of reversible processes [24]. The exergy of a subsystem is a measure of its “distance” from equilibrium. Thus it can signify the quality of the energy of the subsystem. Exergy destruction rate labels the loss of exergy during the process. It can be obtained from the exergy balance equations using an exergy analysis method [25e27]. The exergy destruction rates of the pump process I_p, the Fig. 4. Tes diagram of ORCs. Fig. 5. Schematic of Tes plots of the selected work fluids. evaporation process I_e , the expansion process I_s and the condensation process I_c are delineated by equations (5)e(8), respectively: I_p1⁄4T0m_ðs2s1Þ (5) (3) TH I_s1⁄4T0m_ðs4s3Þ (7) hh! I_e1⁄4T0m_ðs3s2Þ3 2 (6) hh! I_c1⁄4T0m_ðs1s4Þ1 4 (8) TL The net power output W_ n is denoted by W_n1⁄4W_sW_p (9) The ORC system thermal efficiency hth is computed as: hth1⁄4W_sW_p (10) Q_ e Equation (11) calculates the total exergy destruction rate I_tot: _____ hhhh! Itot 1⁄4IpþIeþIsþIc 1⁄4T0m_ 3 2 1 4 (11) TH The expanding pressure ratio p is computed by p 1⁄4 P3 P4 TL The volumetric flow rate at the inlet of the screw expander V_ 3 is calculated according to V_3 1⁄4rm_ (13) 3 If the IHE is taken into account for the B type of ORC model, the model of the A type needs to be revised according to equations (14)e(20). The pressure loss and heat rejection to the environment of the IHE were not considered. The effectiveness of IHE can be expressed as [28]: 3 1⁄4 T4 T4a (14) T4 T2 (12)PDF Image | Study of working fluid selection of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for engine waste heat recovery
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