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4.4.2.3.3 Thermochemical Transport and Storage Status: The ultimate potential of solar energy, especially for non-electric applications such as process heat and transportation fuels, could be greatly expanded if efficient and cost-effective means of converting solar energy to chemical energy for storage and transport at large scale existed. This would overcome both the intermittent nature of the resource and its lack of coincidence with major load centers. One such mechanism offering this potential is closed-loop thermochemical heat-pipe transport and storage. In this technology, a gas mixture (typically methane1 and carbon dioxide) is reformed in a high-temperature (800°C) catalytic solar reactor (a power tower, for example, or, for smaller applications, a dish system), to produce syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) according to the reaction: CH4 +CO2 ↔2H2 +2CO. The syngas (containing the original solar energy as chemical energy) can then be economically transported over distances of several hundred kilometers or stored for an extended period of time (its energy content is equivalent to about half that of natural gas). When the energy is needed, the syngas is processed in a conventional methanation reactor, converting the gas back to the original products reversibly, and releasing the original stored energy at temperatures up to 700°C. The methane/carbon dioxide gas can then be recycled through the process indefinitely. For example, solar energy could be collected on a large -scale, year-round in the Mojave desert, with seasonal storage and conventional gas pipelines then supplying the energy to the Los Angeles area for zero-emission process heat or power generation on a 24/7 basis. Although part of the beauty of the process described above is its completely closed-loop nature (which is perfect for the described application), the reactor designs and chemistry are similar to those that might be used for hydrogen and fuels production as well. Proof-of-concept experimental solar reactors have been successfully demonstrated. These efforts have shown moderate efficiency and lifetimes and have validated the potential of the technology. Lifetime of the volumetric receiver/reactor materials and window materials need to be substantially improved, as do catalyst materials and their incorporation in the system. Scaled-up designs suitable for large-scale use remain to be developed. Challenges: Reforming reactions and methanation reactions and reactors are well understood, as are all the conventional elements of the system. However, challenges remain in the: S. Design, development, testing, and scale-up of solar reactor, including T. Volumetric catalytic receiver designs; windows for the receivers; catalyst adaptations for the solar environment; engineering for durability, reliability, and efficiency; extensive testing; and scale-up demonstrations. Technology Approaches and Tasks Task 9, Thermochemical Transport and Storage: Initial activities will include reviewing the international literature and international programs (most of which are regularly reported through SolarPACES) to better understand progress made in the past few years. Systems analyses will be developed and updated to identify markets, quantify the potential, and identify key areas of development need. Initial experimental programs will likely focus on catalytic absorber development and small-scale testing in solar simulator and solar dish or furnace environments. Schedule and Milestones (Refer to Table 4.4-2). 1 Natural gas usage here is as a working substance. It is not consumed in this reversible, closed-loop process. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 132PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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