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M. Multipleplumbingconnectionsbetweenmodules N. Differential thermal expansion O. Overall system complexity, especially compared to a PV-only system. Technology Approaches and Tasks Task 6, PV/Thermal Hybrid: The technology development approach involves three phases, moving from initial concepts to marketable products. Concept development (Phase I) involves researchers and multiple industry partners developing/evaluating multiple technology approaches/concepts for a particular application, e.g., cold-climate solar water heating. Engineering development (Phase II) involves down-selected industry partners further developing the most-promising concepts into practical designs. Product development (Phase III) involves final testing, redesign, and certification. In each phase, the approach is collaborative, typically with industry partners developing the technology and government laboratories and subcontract consultants providing technical support. Industry partners are selected through competitive solicitations based on the merits of their proposed technical concepts and their capabilities to develop technology from initial concept to marketable product. Technical options include various combinations of the following: thermal end-uses, liquid/air- based systems, glazed/unglazed collectors, module designs, direct/heat-pump systems, thermal distribution systems, and roof integration. The first step will be a thorough literature search. An iterative analytical/experimental approach will be used. Component concepts will be developed, optimized, and evaluated using computational heat-transfer analysis. System performance will be predicted in detailed systems analysis using hour-by-hour annual simulations and weather data for a range of climates. Promising component/system concepts will be prototyped and tested, as necessary, to characterize their performance. Experiments will proceed from laboratory testing of small prototypes to field monitoring of full-scale prototypes under typical operating conditions. The approach will emphasize simple, practical, roof-integrated systems and preserved/improved PV efficiency based on innovative thermal designs. Exploratory analysis and optimization may well lead to unorthodox designs. For example, low cell temperatures and increased PV output may be achieved for crystalline-silicon PV by using it in a low-efficiency, unglazed, large-area thermal collector. Special attention will be paid to effective extraction of heat and avoidance of nonuniform cell/module temperatures that can limit PV current and output. The design approach will also consider roof-integrated technologies and hydronic heating technologies. 4.4.2.3 Other Advanced Solar Conversion Technology Status and Challenges As the country moves toward a hydrogen energy future, methods for cleanly and economically producing this fuel are being sought. The solar energy technologies could provide methods for accomplishing both of these objectives. In all cases, production costs are key, and a systems- driven approach will be followed in evaluating these methods. Approaches that use natural gas as a consumable feedstock will not be followed. Increasing domestic consumption, decreasing domestic production, and increasing imports of this relatively clean “transitional” fossil fuel suggest that its use in hydrogen production is likely not in the nation’s best interest. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 130PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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