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Tecnologia/Technology Sotomonte et al. Organic Rankine Cycle Associated ... at 70% of the critical pressure for this fluids. The solution of the energy and mass balances determines the mass flow rate of the working fluid (m), biomass consumption (mB), efficiencies and temperature at each point. In the thermodynamic analysis the following general assumptions are made: 1) The kinetic and potential energy are neglected; 2) The reference state temperature (T0) and pressure (P0) are 298.15 K and 101.325 kPa; 3) The temperature and pressure of fuel and air inlets are 298.15 K and 101.325 kPa; 4) Steady state operation; 5) Load condition 100%. The main operating parameters are summarized in Table 1. For the purpose of evaluate the most suitable organic working fluid in order to increase the efficiency of biomass ORC power plant detailed analysis for typical fluids has been carried out. Seven organic working fluids; four siloxanes the most widely used fluids currently in the ORC plants and three alkylbenzenes that showed higher cycle efficiency according to Drescher and Brüggemann, (2007) were selected. Besides the thermodynamics parameters, environmental and safety characteristics are going to be taken into account. The safety and environmental parameters analyzed in the organic fluid selection are the global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion potential (ODP) and the ASHRAE 34 toxicity and flammability classification (Table 2). Table 1. Operating conditions of the power plant. Maximum Turbine Inlet Vapor Pressure (kPa) Thermal Oil Boiler Efficiency (%) Turbine Isentropic Efficiency (%) Electric Generator Efficiency (%) 98 Regenerator Effectiveness 0.5 Minimum Chiller Heat Source PRSV EoS provides, aside from the critical point, relative discrepancies less than ±3% for calculated gas and liquid heat capacity and below ±1.5% for cycle efficiency (Dresher e Bruggemann, 2007); accurate estimates of the saturation pressures and can be used together with modern mixing rules to estimate the properties of mixtures with different fluids (Angelino and Colonna, 1998). Z= V − a⋅V (1) V−b R⋅T⋅(V2+2⋅b⋅V−b2) R⋅T P c b = 0,077796⋅ a=0,457235⋅ c (2) R2 ⋅T2 P c c ⋅α (3) α=⎡1+k ⋅(1− T )+k ⋅(1−T )⋅(0,7−T )⎤2(4) 2000 80 80 393.15 0.5 80 13800 These models have limitations, namely: (a) incorrect functional form at high subcritical reduced temperatures (TR) and pressures (PR) and in the superheated region close to the critical point (0.7≤PR ≤1 and 0.95≤TR ≤1.01), (b) low accuracy of saturated and subcooled liquid densities (Colonna et al. 2006). In this paper the PRSV EoS (Eq. 1) proposed by Stryjek and Vera (1986), was used to evaluate the thermodynamic properties of the different working fluids analyzed. Where (k1) is obtained from experimental data or from fitting values to an accurate Eq. (1). Values of k1 parameter (Tab. 2) for the selected fluids are reported in Colonna et al. (2008) and Proust and Vera (1989). ⎣0R1RR⎦ Hig−H =∫∞⎡T⋅⎛∂Z⎞⎤dV+1−Z R⋅T V⎢ ⎜∂T⎟⎥V RV⎣⎝∂T⎠V⎦VV V All the thermodynamic properties of interest of any substance can be calculated from volumetric data and thermal measurements (Poling et al. 2004). Maxwell's relations and the P-v-T relation of Eq. (1) provide the necessary information for calculation of the properties enthalpy (H), Eq. (5) and entropy (S) Eq. (6) used in this study. Where (Hig) and (Sig) are the respective enthalpy and entropy at the hypothetical ideal gas reference state. A description of the mathematical development Eqs. (5-6) are reported in Poling et al. 2004 and Smith, (2005). Temperature (K) COP Pump Isentropic Efficiency (%) Biomass Lower Heating Value (kJ/kg)* *Wasted wood (moisture content 20%) MATHEMATICAL MODEL Thermodynamic Properties ⎣ ⎝ ⎠V⎦ (5) Sig−S∞⎡⎛∂Z⎞⎤dV∞ dV(6) =∫⎢T⋅⎜ ⎟⎥ −∫[1−Z] −lnZ The study of the ORC requires the thermodynamic properties of the organic working fluid. These properties can be obtained by the Standard Cubic Equations of State (EoS), using the critical point properties (TC and PC) and the acentric factor (w) as fluid parameters. Peng-Robinson (PR) and Peng-Robinson modified by Stryjek and Vera (PRSV) are documented examples of the use of these EoS in the analysis of organics fluids in thermal systems. According to (Dresher and Bruggemann, 2007); Angelino and Colonna (1998), the PR and Engenharia Térmica (Thermal Engineering), Vol. 10 • No. 01 - 02 • June and December 2011 • p. 15-22 17PDF Image | ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE ASSOCIATED WITH AN ABSORPTION CHILLER FOR BIOMASS APPLICATIONS
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