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Nevada Inventor Richard Langson to Confer With President Obama

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Nevada Inventor Richard Langson to Confer With President Obama ( nevada-inventor-richard-langson-confer-with-president-obama )

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 3963–3979 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser Low-grade heat conversion into power using organic Rankine cycles – A review of various applications Bertrand F. Tchanche∗, Gr. Lambrinos, A. Frangoudakis, G. Papadakis Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece article info Article history: Received 30 December 2010 Received in revised form 30 May 2011 Accepted 5 July 2011 Available online 21 August 2011 Keywords: Modular solar thermal power Biomass CHP Geothermal Waste heat recovery OTEC Organic Rankine cycles Contents abstract An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) machine is similar to a conventional steam cycle energy conversion sys- tem, but uses an organic fluid such as refrigerants and hydrocarbons instead of water. In recent years, research was intensified on this device as it is being progressively adopted as premier technology to con- vert low-temperature heat resources into power. Available heat resources are: solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass products, surface seawater, and waste heat from various thermal processes. This paper presents existing applications and analyzes their maturity. Binary geothermal and binary biomass CHP are already mature. Provided the interest to recover waste heat rejected by thermal devices and industrial processes continue to grow, and favorable legislative conditions are adopted, waste heat recovery organic Rankine cycle systems in the near future will experience a rapid growth. Solar modular power plants are being intensely investigated at smaller scale for cogeneration applications in buildings but larger plants are also expected in tropical or Sahel regions with constant and low solar radiation intensity. OTEC power plants operating mainly on offshore installations at very low temperature have been advertised as total resource systems and interest on this technology is growing in large isolated islands. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 3963 2. OrganicRankinecycleapplications................................................................................................................ 3965 2.1. Binarygeothermalpowerplants........................................................................................................... 3965 2.2. Solarthermalpowersystems.............................................................................................................. 3966 2.2.1. Modular organic Rankine cycle solar systems ................................................................................... 3966 2.2.2. Solar pond power systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3967 2.3. SolarORC-ROdesalinationsystems........................................................................................................ 3969 2.4. Duplex-Rankinecoolingsystem........................................................................................................... 3970 2.5. Oceanthermalenergyconversionsystems................................................................................................ 3971 2.6. Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) in waste heat recovery application....................................................................... 3972 2.7. ORCbiomasspowerplants................................................................................................................. 3975 3. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3976 References......................................................................................................................................... 3976 1. Introduction The steam Rankine cycle is one of the most important ways to transform on large scale thermal energy into power. Examples are nuclear and coal-fired power plants. Main components of a steam power cycle are: condenser, pump, vaporizer, turbine and ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +30 210 529 4046; fax: +30 210 529 4032. E-mail addresses: tfb@aua.gr, tfb tchanchef@yahoo.fr (B.F. Tchanche). 1364-0321/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.024 the working fluid. In this cycle, water used as working fluid has following thermodynamic characteristics: • molecular weight: 18 kg/kmol • boiling point: 373.15 K–101.325 kPa • freezing point: 273.15 K–101.325 kPa • triple point: 273.16 K–0.611 kPa • critical point: 647 K–22.06 MPa • latent heat: 2256.6 kJ/kg–101.325 kPa • specific heat: 4.18 kJ/kg K

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