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heat. Moisture-laden air that would otherwise be vented to atmosphere is brought past the evaporation coil of a heat pump where it condenses, not only providing energy savings but also resulting in the capture of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the condensate (Fouche, Ed and Heck, Greg 2006). Quantity, Quality and Temporal Availability of Waste Heat There are three important parameters used in the quantification of waste heat: quantity, quality, and temporal availability. The quantity of waste heat available is ordinarily expressed in terms of the enthalpy flow of the waste stream: H = mh where H = total enthalpy rate of waste stream (Btu/hr); m = mass flow rate of waste stream (lb/hr); and h = specific enthalpy of waste stream, (Btu/lb.) The quality can be roughly expressed in terms of the temperature of the waste stream. The higher the temperature, the more available the waste heat is for substitution of purchased energy. The use of a heat pump can improve the quality of waste heat economically over a limited range. It is immediately apparent that one cannot use a waste-heat stream at 70 °F to heat a fluid stream whose inlet temperature is 100 °F, regardless of the total quantity of waste heat available. However, a heat pump might conceivably be used to raise the temperature of the waste heat to 110 °F. Whether this is an economically feasible solution is dependent upon the final temperature required of the fluid to be heated. The temporal availability is a measure of the availability of waste heat at times when it is needed. Matching the availability of the waste heat to the ultimate load is an important consideration in the effectiveness of waste heat recovery. Therefore, the usefulness of waste heat does not depend as much on the quantity available as it does on whether its quality fits the requirements of the potential load and whether it is available at the times when it is required (temporal availability). Heat-Recovery Potential in US Manufacturing Industry In 2002, the US manufacturing industry used approximately 16 quadrillion BTU of energy to operate a wide variety of equipment, including boilers, machine drives, process- heating equipment, and HVAC systems (EIA 2002, Table 5.2). The majority of energy used was natural gas (36%), followed by electricity (17%), and coal (7%) (Figure 1). Because natural gas accounts for substantial amount of energy used in the US manufacturing industry and natural gas-powered power plants also generate a significant share of US electricity, the US manufacturing industry is extremely vulnerable to fluctuating natural gas prices. Additionally, the US manufacturing industry is increasingly exposed to state and federal efforts to reduce GHG emissions since industrial energy use typically accounts for close to one third of GHG emissions in advanced economies (Jolley 2006). For example, California recently implemented policy goals for the reduction of GHG emissions to 2000 levels by 2010 and to 1990 levels by 2020, while also achieving electricity and natural gas consumption cumulative savings of about 23,000 GWh and 440 MMTh by 2013, respectively (CEC 2007). The California Energy Commission (CEC) strives to save 7,800 GWh of electricity and 210 MMth of natural gas in the industrial sector by 2013 through various initiatives, including waste-heat recovery (CEC 2007). © 2007 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry 2-2PDF Image | Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Benefits and Recent Advancements in Technology and Applications
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