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Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Geothermal Energy Development in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Role of International Development Partners Marietta Sander IGA, c/o Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Lennershofstr. 140, 44801 Bochum, Germany E-mail address: Marietta.Sander@hs-bochum.de Keywords: Latin America, Caribbean, Central America, geothermal energy, development cooperation, capacity building, technical cooperation, financial cooperation, effectiveness, impact, evaluation, geothermal risk mitigation fund ABSTRACT The technical paper describes the geothermal status in Latin America and the Caribbean. Several development partners are active in the region aiming to assist in geothermal energy development. Project approaches differ depending whether they are conducted in the framework of technical or financial cooperation. Determining factors also include the funding source, multilateral, bilateral, regional bank funding and others. Project approaches are presented and their effectiveness analyzed. 1. INTRODUCTION In Latin America and the Caribbean various bilateral and regional technical and financial support schemes were established for geothermal energy development. Examples include the regional Central American GIZ 4e initiative, the capacity building project of the Interamerican Development Bank (IDB) and the Nordic Fund (NDF), bilateral support of Iceland in Nicaragua and the Geothermal Andes initiative of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Regarding financial cooperation the KfW (German development bank – Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau) aims to enable further geothermal project development by creating a financial incentive scheme, a geothermal risk mitigation fund as it already exists in East Africa (Geothermal Risk Mitigation Fund). The procedures, criteria and implementation of the risk mitigation scheme are described. The paper is structured as follows: Chapter 1 introduces the topic. Chapter 2 outlines the geothermal resource setting, sites and briefly touches respective challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean. Thereafter, current and recent technical and financial cooperation projects are described in Chapter 3 and project approaches and their effectiveness are assessed. Chapter 4 closes with concluding remarks and recommendations. 2. GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN This chapter provides an overview of geothermal resources and their exploration status in the different regions, South America, Central America and the Caribbean. 2.1 Geothermal Resources in South America Plate tectonics and particularly the convergence of the South American tectonic plate and the Nazca plate have caused the rise of the Andes mountain chain. Despite the good resource base, no geothermal power plants exist in South America until the date. However, in Chile 13 firms already obtained 20 concessions in 2012. First drilling operations were conducted at Sol de Mañana in Bolivia. In Peru first consortia formed to explore geothermal fields in the country. The continental heat flow map of Cardoso, Hamza and Alfaro (2010) in Figure 1 shows South America's high temperature resources. The study employed updated data sets on crustal seismic velocities, gravity anomalies, radiogenic heat production, terrestrial heat flow and thermal springs. Regional geothermal resources can be suspected to lie within the regional variations of the lithosphere. Areas of interest for geothermal energy are the following: Northern half of Chile Altiplano (high mountain area) in Bolivia, Parts of the Peruvian western Andean belt, and Sites along the magmatic arc of western Ecuador, central volcanic belt of Colombia and southern Venezuela. 1PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Development in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Role of International Development Partners
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