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Frontiers in Heat Pipes (FHP), 4, 023004 (2013) DOI: 10.5098/fhp.v4.2.3004 These are typically a few Kelvin and a few hundred Pascal (Song et. al., 2003). In contrast, the KDT can support temperature differences of several hundred Kelvin and pressure gradients of several MPa. The reason for this difference is that the dividing plate together with the rotating fluid effectively seals the two chambers from each other. In the KDT the nozzles serve as the first stage of a propulsion system which can be enhanced by suitable turbine blades. There is of cause a crucial difference between the KDT and an RHP: The KDT will generate power not merely transport heat. 5. CLAUSIUS RANKINE CYCLE FOR THE KDT In principle the KDT can use any working fluid. However, for developing the first prototypes we concentrate on dry Organic Rankine Cycle fluids (ORC), like pentane, toluene or butylbenzene which have a number of thermodynamic advantages at low temperatures. The visualization of the Organic Rankine Cycle is given in Fig. 7. Fig. 7 T-S diagram for Organic Rankine Cycle (p-xylene) for typical temperatures of a CHP. The Calculation is based on Fluidprop (Colonna et al., 2004). To simplify the description reference is given to the study by Liu where a simple ideal ORC is evaluated (Liu et al., 2004). The main five processes include the increase of pressure by pumping (3→4 rotating KDT with angular velocity ω), heating by evaporator (4→5, e.g. light input in Fig. 8), evaporating (5→1), providing work output via expander (1→2s', nozzles in Fig. 8) , and cooling by condenser (2s'→2, cooler in Fig 8) and condensing (2→3, cooler in Fig 8). The new aspect is that this cycle takes place in a modified RHP with high pressure difference, so that the weak performance described by Nguyen et al., (1999) should be overcome. Global Digital Central ISSN: 2155-658X In Fig. 8 the complete KDT is shown. Heating, evaporation, expansion, condensation and pumping is embedded in a rotating, cylindrical device. Energy for heating the working fluid can be provided via conventional fuel like gas or via regenerative energy like solar heating. A calculation has been carried out for p-xylene and is shown in Table 1 and plotted in Fig 7. The calculation is based on Fluidprop (P. Colonna and T.P. van der Stelt, 2004). More accurate results are from Lai et al., (2011) which result in a thermal efficiency of 20.4%. For this rough estimation and discussion of the KDT principle a high accuracy is not needed. In Table 1 the calculations for Fig. 7 are presented. The calculations are normalized to 20kW. The mass flows of the ORC fluids under consideration are in the neighborhood of 30-50 g/s whereas water would only yield < 10g/s due to its large latent heat. Table 1: Calculations for Fig. 7 State 1 2s’ 2 3 4 5 Spec. Enthalpy [kJ/kg] 406.1 260.7 77.9 -290.7 -289.0 224.3 Spec. Entropy T[K] [kJ/(kgK)] 0.7554 573.15 0.8107 470.83 0.3694 358.15 -0.6598 358.15 -0.6623 358.15 0.4382 573.15 Pressure [MPa] 2.06 0.019 0.019 0.019 2.06 2.06 Fig. 8 The Organic Rankine Cycle in the KDT. 3 6. EQUILIBRIUM AND PUMPING OF THE KDT As described earlier the radii of the fluid surfaces in the condenser and evaporator are a result of the balancing from gas and centrifugal pressures. The details are shown in Fig. 6. For a steady state in this special RHP we write down a simple equation for the total pressures in the condenser and the evaporator. (3) Using dp = ρω2rdr results in: (4) Integrating and rearranging (5) Normalizing to ρ1 describes a specific enthalpy difference. ( ) (6) Alternatively the equations can be derived from Gerber (1975). In a power plant the Clausius Rankine Cycle has a state change which is correlated to some relatively small pumping power. The state change from 3→4 must be regarded (see Table 1). The increase in enthalpy results in needed pumping energy. The specific enthalpy increase ∆h for p-xylene is about 1700 J/kg. This enthalpy increase is relatively small and therefore not visible in a typical T-S diagram like Fig. 7. Introducing ∆h into 6 results in: ∆ ( ) (7) PDF Image | Frontiers in Heat Pipes
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