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18 Suresh Baral et al.: Existing and Recommended Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity Generation in Nepal 2. Methods below: 2.1. Literature Survey Table 4 lists the energy consumption mix for several years and shows that the huge population of people in Nepal relies on traditional bio-based fuels for their daily needs, which accounts for 85%. The contributions of various forms of biomass energy are firewood (89.16%), cow dung (6.6%) and agricultural residue (4.23%). These sources are commonly used in rural areas of the country where there is no grid connection to the main lines of electricity. The energy demand in fiscal year 2012/2013 was estimated to be 5446.3 GWh, out of which only 77.5% was supplied. Among the total supplied energy volume, the domestic generation contributed 85.6% with remainder imported from India [5, 8, 9]. Although Nepal has immense potential to produce electricity from a range of renewable energy resources, such as hydro, solar, biomass and wind, efforts to harness the resources for the country’s energy supply still remains. Various methodologies have been implied for preparing an article on the renewable energy technology conversion for electricity generation in Nepal. The methods are discussed Various literature surveys are carried out for the finding the renewable energy conversion technologies used in Nepal. The literatures relating energy consumption, energy potential such as solar, biomass, hydropower and wind power have been collected for preparing this article. Though there is not any kind of article that shows the recommended technologies suitable for generation of electricity from different renewable potential resources, this article could be useful for different interest of people relating to energy sectors. 2.2. Integrative Review Nepal [7] Table 4. Energy consumption from various sources for different years in Energy Source Firewood Agricultural Residues Cow Dung Traditional FY FY FY FY FY FY 07/2008 08/09 ToE ToE 7149 7301 337 344 529 540 8015 8185 09/10 10/11 ToE ToE 7467 7606 324 331 551 563 8342 8500 286 293 965 1058 213 229 1464 1580 70 75 9876 10155 11/12 12/13* ToE ToE 7767 5074 369 231 575 375 8711 5680 348 196 1088 670 243 172 1436 866 82 51 10229 6597 The purpose of this review is considered to represent literature on a topic in an integrated way such as those new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. From this approach all the studies that addressing renewable energy technology for electricity generation in developing countries like Nepal has been sorted and incorporated in this article. From this method, the trends of consumption of energy during different years have been analyzed. In addition to, the energy policies that are practiced in Nepal so far has also been reviewed. The energy policies in Nepal have not been formulated and no strict measures have been taken due to instability of government. 2.3. Systematic Review 3. Results 3.1. Overview of Nepal’s Energy Status Commercial Renewable Total 1038 1139 59 64 9112 9388 Coal 193 182 Petroleum Products 655 775 Electricity 190 182 * of the first eight months ToE: Tons of Oil Equivalent The systematic review was aim to provide an exhaustive summary of current literature relavent to energy potential and policies of Nepal. For this a thorough search of relevant papers from the databases and citation indexes such as web of science, cross ref, DOAJ, scopus and ProQuest have been used inserting the keywords such as renewable energy, solar energy, biomass, hydropower, wind energy, Nepal. The renewable energy technologies so far used in Nepal are hydropower plant and biomass energy for generation of electricity and cooking purposes respectively. There are microhydro plants running in rural areas of the country for rural electrification. The aim of these schemes is just for powering housing, small enterprises and irrigation. The power obtained from such schemes is in the range of 1 kW to 5 kW. This concept is suitable for local based where there is no grid connection with main lines of electricity. Another renewable resource includes solar and wind technology but they are not so much harnessed only pilot projects have been installed so far. The Solar Photovoltaic (PV) are most commonly used in household for obtaining hot water and lighting along with running TV and small power consumption devices. The following are current technologies used for generation of electricity can be described as a result of literature survey. Nepal has the lowest per capita electricity consumption in Asia; 93 units compared to 806 units for the rest of Asia. The per capita electricity consumption of India and China is 644 units and 2,942 units, respectively. The per capita electricity consumption of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan is 279, 445 and 457 units, respectively [6]. According to the report [7], the total energy consumed from various sources of energy was 10229 TOE for the fiscal year 2011/12, andPDF Image | Existing and Recommended Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies for Electricity Generation in Nepal
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