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Belize Energy Sector Diagnostic PUC 38 support human development in all its social, economic and environmental dimensions is the overarching driver of a sustainable energy strategy. However, achieving a sustainable energy strategy remains a formidable challenge for the world. Although fossil fuel burning is a leading contributor to carbon dioxide, lead, sulphur and to a lesser degree, cadmium, methane and nitrogen fixation emissions in the atmosphere, at least for the next thirty years it will continue to be the dominant source of energy. The Kyoto Protocol that puts a cap on emissions of six greenhouse gases (GHG)117 by industrialized countries is not supported by the United States, which accounts for 36% of the CO2 emissions by the industrialized world118. Just under one-half of the world’s population or 2.4 billion people, rely on biomass fuels such as wood, animal dung, crop residues and coal for domestic energy needs. According to the World Health Organization, over the past twenty-five years, transition to cleaner fuels among the poor has slowed dramatically and there is evidence that reliance on biomass is increasing in some parts of the world119. Besides the associated health risks, mainly for women and children120 according to the Centres for Plant Diversity: The Americas, published in 1997, by the Wildlife Fund and the World Conservation Union, gathering of fuel wood has caused serious forest degradation in certain countries in the Americas. For example, it estimates that roughly one-half of all the energy consumed in Central America comes from fuel wood and in El Salvador, where it estimates that 75% of the homes use fuel wood, gathering the wood constitutes the principal cause of forest degradation and deforestation. In fact, El Salvador has to import fuel wood from Honduras and Guatemala, because only 5% of its territory is forested121. In Rio de Janeiro, twelve years ago, the international community agreed on the overarching goal of sustainable development and it adopted a plan, Agenda 21, on how to get there. The importance of energy systems in underpinning many elements of sustainable development was a common theme throughout Agenda 21. The principles of Agenda 21 have since been echoed by the Millennium Development Goals, developed at the Millennium Summit in 2000 and the World Summit on Sustainable Development in August of 2001. Thus, rhetorically at least, for many countries sustainable development is the objective. The challenge however, remains the implementation of policies and practices that support sustainable energy development. 117 carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydroflourocarbons (HFCs), perflourocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexaflouride (SF6). 118 Pronove Gao, The Kyoto Protocol and the Emerging Carbon Market, February 2002. 119 WHO study, The Health Effects of indoor air pollution exposure in developing countries, Nigel Bruce, Department of Public Health, University of Liverpool, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases and Rachel Albalak, Department of International Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, 2002. http://www.who.int/peh/air/indoor/oeh020sum.htm, downloaded August 31, 03 120 It is said to increase the risk of childhood acute respiratory infections like pneumonia, bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Among women, there is emerging evidence that exposure during pregnancy reduces birth weight, Infant and prenatal mortality may also be increased and the smoke from biomass exposure is likely to exacerbate asthma. Source WHO study, ibid. 121 http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/cpd/ma/macentral.htm, downloaded August 31, 03PDF Image | Energy for Sustainable Development Toward a National Energy Strategy for Belize Energy Sector Diagnostic
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