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Figure 2. T-S Diagram for Water and Cyclohexane (from Schuster et al, 2010) Over the years, many technologies have been developed to utilize geothermal energy. Due to its lower operating pressure and temperature, the organic Rankine cycle can effectively use this heat source. Hot water from a geothermal well is usually at temperatures between 225°F and 360°F which is hot enough to vaporize the working fluid and drive the power system (NREL, 2009). Since the system is completely closed the water from the well can be injected back into the ground where it will be heated and recirculated. In searching for viable organic Rankine cycle systems, it was found that most manufacturers are involved with geothermal applications, with some manufacturers currently only having case studies in geothermal units. There are numerous examples worldwide of geothermal applications which utilize the organic Rankine cycle, some even making use of heat sources as low as 165°F. Modern Applications Characterization of Waste Heat Opportunity Clearly, in any review of applications, the waste heat source must be analyzed and characterized before a suitable ORC design can even be attempted. It is common to refer to the quality of the waste heat as its temperature without reference to flows or total energy. This is because the higher the temperature of the waste heat source, the more readily energy can be transferred from it. Unrecuperated flue gasses can have temperatures in excess of 600°F. Drying applications can have enormous energy flows but be only a few degrees above ambient. However, even with the small efficiencies achievable in these low temperature cases, in applications where the waste heat is being discarded the heat input to the Rankine cycle is essentially free. Use as a Bottoming Cycle Organic Rankine cycle systems can be an aid in heat recovery for gas turbines, offering advantages over the traditional steam bottoming cycles. A fairly recent application that is being explored as an appropriate implementation of an organic Rankine cycle, is using it as a bottoming cycle at cogeneration plants. By doing this, the system efficiency can be increased by as much as 15%. TransPacific Energy Inc. conducted a case study on a U.S. cogeneration plant 1-14 ©2011 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in IndustryPDF Image | Economic Implementation of the Organic Rankine Cycle in Industry
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