PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 127
Equivalent NREL Exposure 1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 95 90 85 SPA/GE TSE 392-C ADH SPA/GE D1-SEA210B ADH SPA/KRAFFT SILKRAF ADH SPA/DOW Q3-6093 ADH PIL/GE TSE392-C ADH PILS/GE D1-SEA210B ADH PIL/KRAFFT SILKRAF ADH PIL/DOW Q3-6093 ADH 80 0.0 3.3 6.7 10.0 13.3 16.7 20.0 23.3 26.6 30.0 33.3 36.6 40.0 Total UV Dose (100 X MJ/m2) Trough mirrors (used in commercial solar plants) manufactured by Flabeg, which use silvered, thick, slumped glass with a proprietary multilayer paint system designed for outdoor exposure, have been very durable. Flabeg recently converted its mirror line to the copper-free process and a new lead- free paint system. The manufacturer reports durability is expected to be equivalent. Side-by- side exposure testing began in FY 2004. After 1 year of accelerated and outdoor exposure, new mirrors are performing slightly better than the original mirrors. Equivalent NREL Exposure Time 1000 3 (6 )9 12 15 18 21 24 95 90 85 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 59.9 69.9 79.9 Total UV Dose (100 x MJ/m2) APS FLA NREL WOM Fig. 1. Loss of solar-weighted reflectance of original Flabeg thick-glass mirrors as function of accelerated WOM and outdoor exposure at Phoenix, AZ (APS), Miami, FL (FLA), and Golden, CO (NREL) in total UV dosage. Testing of samples of Pilkington (4-mm copper- free) mirrors and “Spanish” (Cristaleria Espanola S.A) glass mirrors (3 mm, copper-free, and lead- free paint), bonded to steel with four different candidate adhesives, was initiated in FY 2001 for possible use at Solar Tres. Neither Pilkington nor Spanish mirrors exposed outdoors show degradation after 60 months, but in accelerated testing using the Altas Ci5000 WeatherOmeter (WOM), the Pilkington mirrors exhibit better optical durability, and adhesive-related degradation is more prevalent with Spanish glass mirrors. Spanish mirrors degraded 19.0%, whereas Pilkington mirrors degraded 6.8% after 40 months of accelerated WOM exposure. Depending on the adhesive used to bond the mirror, Spanish mirrors degraded 5.3% to 12.0%, whereas Pilkington mirrors degraded 2.5% to 2.9% after 34 months of accelerated WOM exposure. Fig. 2. Loss of solar-weighted reflectance of thick Pilkington and Spanish reflectors with copper-free back layer, Pb-free paint, and four adhesives as a function of WOM exposure. Thin-glass mirrors also use traditional wet-silvered processes on thin (<1 mm), relatively lightweight glass. Choice of adhesive has been observed to affect the performance of weathered thin-glass mirrors, and corrosion has been observed in deployed mirrors. A matrix of sample constructions has been prepared to identify the most promising combinations of paints and adhesives for use with solar reflectors. After almost two years of exposure in the WOM and in damp heat, data indicate that the mirror performance strongly depends on the back protection. For the copper-free constructions, the addition of epoxy and polyurethane back protection appears to be a poor choice because when these constructions failed, they typically failed catastrophically (e.g., delaminated). Between the mirrors incorporating the new copper- free process, the Glaverbel mirror tended to outperform the Naugatuck mirror. However, this could be because at the time the mirrors were acquired Glaverbel had more experience than Naugatuck in manufacturing mirrors with the copper-free technique. In this experiment, adhesives and substrates were less significant than the choice of back protection. The 3M 504 adhesive and aluminum steel showed slight advantages versus other adhesive/substrates. Edge protection and substrate and glass back- cleaning had no effect. Degradation of the samples exposed to date in the damp-heat chamber is similar, but at a rate ten times faster than observed for samples in the WOM. CPV manufacturers have expressed significant concern regarding the durability of thin-glass mirrors made with copper-free and lead-free paint systems. Solar Thermal R&D Concentrating Solar Power 121 % Hemispherical Reflectance % Hemispherical ReflectancePDF Image | DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program
PDF Search Title:
DOE Solar Energy Technologies ProgramOriginal File Name Searched:
38743.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)