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Summary and Conclusions However, the use of dry systems imposes penalties on plant efficiency and capacity, which requires that additional fuel be burned at the plant or elsewhere on the system to produce the same net power generation. This leads to an increase in the emissions associated with the combustion process. While this is a second-order effect on a state- or system-wide basis, it be a measurable effect in the vicinity of the plant and should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Noise The noise from wet systems comes from both the water falling through the tower fill and the fans and air motion. In the case of dry systems, the water noise is obviously eliminated, but the fan and air noise may be increased since the quantity of air moved through the system is greater. The importance of this effect is site specific, but, in locations where noise abatement is necessary, the use of special low-noise fans may be required. For so-called “ultralow- noise fans” the increase in cost is estimated at approximately 10%. Similar noise abatement may be required for the wet towers in some cases. Visual Resources Dry and wet/dry systems effectively eliminate the occurrence of visual plumes. However, they require physically larger, taller structures than wet cooling and, as such, can be a more obvious element at a plant site. The importance of this feature is also site specific. Biological Impacts The primary focus in this area is on entrainment and impingement losses regulated under Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act. Dry and wet/dry systems obviously reduce this impact in proportion to the reduction in total plant water use, estimated above as approximately 70%. A postulated effect of dry cooling is so-called “atmospheric entrainment,” where insects and even small birds may be entrained with the inlet air stream. To date, no research or information is available on the importance of this issue. Current R&D There is little current R&D work being reported in the open literature on dry or wet/dry cooling systems for power plants. A few important exceptions include improved heat exchanger geometries for finned tube bundles in air-cooled condensers (Bonger, 1995; Staff report, 1998; Kroeger, 1998); enhancement of air-cooled condenser performance with the use of limited water (Maulbetsch, 2001; Balogh, 1998); the use of evaporative condensers (Hutton, 1999; Niagara Blower Company); and optimization techniques (Conradie, 1998). 9-6PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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