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Summary and Conclusions For plants equipped with wet recirculating cooling systems (wet towers) for steam condensation, the evaporation of water in the cooling tower is the largest single water use in the plant, accounting for approximately two-thirds of total water consumption at a gas-fired combined- cycle plant (and perhaps 95% at a stand-alone thermal steam plant). The following comparisons are based on combined-cycle plants, with two-thirds of plant output from the combustion turbines and one-third from the steam turbine. For the cooling system alone (including condensation of steam turbine exhaust plus auxiliary cooling estimated at 5% of the condensing heat load), dry cooling affords a 95% reduction in water use from, typically, 250 gallons per MWh of plant output to perhaps 10 gallons/MWh. For the entire plant, additional water use—primarily for emissions control and turbine inlet cooling where used—is estimated at approximately 100 gallons per MWh (plant output), representing the mid-range of values surveyed and reported by the California Energy Commission (CEC, 2001a). This results in plant water use of 350 gallons per MWh with wet cooling and 110 gallons per MWh with dry cooling, an overall reduction of approximately 70%. Plant Performance In essentially all situations, the use of water as the cooling medium is the cheapest way to provide cooling at power plants. Furthermore, wet cooling always results in higher annual plant output and in more efficient plant performance during most of the year. The relevant questions are how much more expensive and how great is the effect on plant output and efficiency. The performance issues fall in three categories. Operating Power Requirements The energy required to operate cooling system fans and pumps is energy that must be generated but that cannot be exported or sold by the plant. The cost of this reduced output is incurred for the life of the plant. It is normally expressed as the present worth of a kilowatt that could produce energy at a projected price per MWh for the assumed plant life. This value can be traded off against the capital cost of the cooling system (which can normally be reduced through the expenditure of higher amounts of fan and pump power). For wet systems in this analysis, the present worth of the power was approximately equal to the capital cost of the cooling system for an optimized system and approximately 160% of the capital cost for a “low first cost” system. For dry systems, the operating power for a given heat load is much greater—by a factor of 4 to 6—than that for an optimized wet system. Efficiency Penalties The ability of a cooling system, wet or dry, to reject heat to the environment is affected by ambient conditions—ambient wet bulb temperature for wet cooling towers and ambient dry bulb 9-2PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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