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Current research and development Detailed performance calculations for these exchangers using single row, flattened tubes are available in Sections 5 and 8 of Kroeger’s text (Kroeger, 1998). It is noted in the Modern Power Systems article (Staff report, 1998) that the use of this design in natural draft units is promising. While this is of little interest to the California situation, it may expand advances in the design more widely. Work also continues on the development of ultralow-noise fans. Some developments have been reported in EPRI workshops in St. Petersburg, FL (van der Spek and P. J. M. Nelissen, 1995), and in Jackson, WY (van der Spek, 2000), at which 15-db reductions in a retrofitted mechanical draft wet cooling tower were reported. Performance Enhancement It has long been recognized that the major performance and cost issue with dry cooling has been the limitation on performance during the hottest days of the year, where the use of dry cooling can limit plant output and decrease plant efficiency. While it is possible to mitigate this effect by selecting a larger air-cooled unit to begin with, this comes with a considerable increase in the initial cost (see Section 5). Furthermore, the achievable condensing temperature is still limited by the ambient dry bulb no matter what the size. At a design ITD of 20°F (probably an upper practical limit on unit size) in areas where the 1% dry bulb can approach or exceed 120°F, an ITD of 20°F would result in a steam condensing temperature above 140°F and a back pressure in excess of 6 in. Hga. Therefore, the researched enhancement schemes have focused on the use of a limited amount of water during the hottest hours. There are a variety of approaches available: • Wet helper towers • Swamp coolers in ACC inlet areas • Deluge cooling of finned tube surfaces • Spray injection in several configurations Analyses performed about 10 years ago (Conradie and D. G. Kröger, 1991) illustrated that substantial performance enhancements could be achieved with a limited use of water, as shown in Figure 7-1 excerpted from Kroeger’s text (Kroeger, 1998). Recently, a spray enhancement project involving laboratory and single-cell testing has been carried out (Maulbetsch and M. N. DiFilippo, 2001). Some full-scale applications exist on small plants such as Chinese Camp (see Appendix C) and Mammoth Lakes Geothermal Plant. System analyses have been conducted recently at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) on four approaches to hot-day performance enhancement for a small dry-cooled geothermal plant (C. Kutscher, NREL, personal communication). The four approaches were spray cooling, deluge cooling, wet packing (Munters fill) at the inlet, and a hybrid system combining spray cooling with wet inlet packing. The results suggesting slightly better “rates of return for the spray and the hybrid system” are tentative and unpublished at this time. 7-2PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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