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Second-Order Effects The primary air emissions from combined-cycle plants are, of course, from the combustion of the gas fuel for the combustion turbines. As noted in earlier sections, the choice of cooling system can affect the overall plant heat rate and capacity. Therefore, to meet a given total system load, more fuel must be burned if dry cooling is used—with a corresponding increase in emissions of NOx, particulate matter, SO2, and CO2 in amounts and proportions that depend on where and in what equipment the additional fuel is used. A detailed treatment of this issue is beyond the scope of this report. However, on a system-wide basis, one can estimate that if 10% of system generation were to be equipped with dry cooling and each of those units incurred an annual average 10% performance penalty, neither of which is likely, the effect on overall system heat rate would be, to first order, only about 1%—with a correspondingly small impact on state-wide air emissions. On the other hand, a case-by-case analysis of these emissions would be needed to determine what the local environmental impact of each cooling option would be. Noise The effect of noise on residences, hospitals, libraries, schools, places of worship, and other neighboring places must be considered both during construction and operation. While no regulatory limits were found, the “Information Requirements” (CalCodeRegs) specifically define areas where a “potential of 5db (A) or more over existing background levels” might occur as affected areas. In addition, noise levels within the project site boundary and their impact on workers at the site must be considered. The primary noise from cooling facilities is fan noise and “fill” noise caused by the flow of water down over the tower fill. Dry cooling would eliminate the “fill” noise perhaps at the expense of somewhat more fan noise since the quantity of air flowing through a dry tower is greater than that through a wet tower of the same capacity. In the case of the Crockett Co-Generation Plant (see Appendix C), the plant is located on the outskirts of the town of Crockett in a mixed commercial/residential area with private homes located across the street to the south. On the northern boundary are the Carquinez Straits of the San Francisco Bay, a recreational and commercial boating area. Site-specific noise limits of 50 dB at the nearest residence and at a distance of 300 ft into the Bay were imposed and met with no difficulty through the use of Alpina low-noise fans. In cases where ultralow-noise fans are required, the cost can be substantial (see Section 5). Recent discussions with one vendor suggest a 10% premium on the base cost of the ACC. In another study, noise control was estimated to account for an $8 million cost differential on a 750- MW combined-cycle plant, amounting to nearly 20% of the ACC capital cost (Micheletti 2001;UWAG 2000). Environmental Impacts 6-7PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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