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Environmental Impacts chromium-based compounds are prohibited in commerce for “comfort cooling towers” and for new units of IPCTs (but not for existing IPCTs). State Regulations Title 17, Public Health, Division 3, Air Resources, Section 1, Air Resources Board, SubSection 7.5, Airborne Toxic Control Measures; §93103, Regulation for Chromate Treated Cooling Towers bans the use of hexavalent chromium containing compounds in cooling tower circulating water. For existing towers, especially wood towers, that have used such compounds in the past, a period of time is permitted to allow the chemicals to desorb from the tower and be eliminated— so long as the level in the circulating water does not go above 0.15 mg/L (8 mg/L for wood towers), and tests show a continuous decrease over time. While the drift amounts are relatively small, the droplets contain all of the impurities contained in the circulating water. Furthermore, as a result of droplet evaporation in the tower, plume, and atmosphere, impurities are often found at significantly higher concentrations in drift. When the drift droplets evaporate completely, the contaminants remain in the air as fine particulate matter (PM10) and constitute a source of PM10 emissions from these gas-fired, combined-cycle plants. The magnitude of PM10 emissions from cooling towers is a subject of debate and discussion at this time. Total drift rates are historically difficult to measure accurately. Modern high- performance drift eliminators are specified to control drift to 0.002% of the circulating water flow or less. For a 500-MW combined-cycle plant with ~170 MW generation from the steam portion and an assumed circulating water flow of 500 gpm/MW, this corresponds to a total drift rate of 1.7 gpm or about 20,000 lb/day. At a circulating water solids concentration of 10,000 mg/L, this corresponds to a potential drift mass of solid particulate of 200 lb/day. Although there is considerable uncertainty in these estimates, a recent study (DiFilippo, 2001) reports a similar result of 300 lb/day for a comparably sized plant. By comparison, estimates developed by the California Air Resources Board and presented at the CEC/EPRI Workshop (EPRI 2000) of PM10 emissions from state-of-the-at gas turbines are 0.0001 lb/kWh, amounting to about 800 lb/day from the combustion turbine side of a 500-MW combined-cycle plant. In the event that the circulating water contains bacterial or pathogenic species, drift is a potential transport pathway from the plant to the surrounding areas. The usual example in this area is Legionella. References include (CTI 2000). This is discussed in somewhat greater length later in this Section under “Public Health.” Other air emissions include volatile species that are formed in the cooling tower as a result of water treatment processes such as chlorination and then stripped from the water by the cooling air. Trace amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particularly trihalomethanes (THMs) have been detected. A complete discussion of this area is found in DiFilippo (2001). 6-6PDF Image | Comparison of Alternate Cooling Technologies for California Power Plants Economic, Environmental and Other Tradeoffs
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