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HIGHBIO2 PROJECT PUBLICATION Feedstock composition Physical properties Other A high heating value is desired, but also the ash content and ash characteristics are of interest. Combustion is relatively insensitive to impurities, although both ash and non-wood components are undesirable. Metals, salts, and large rocks may cause big problems. The sensitivity to impurities and ash properties vary with the combustion technology. Grate boilers tolerate impurities well in comparison to other combustion methods. Higher moisture content gives a lower heating value to the raw material, which is generally unfavorable, but large-scale combustion technologies are relatively insensitive to moisture content. Particle size is not crucial for large- scale combustion technologies, but should preferably be known, so the process can be adapted. Very small particles – fines – may cause problems. Fluctuations in the raw material feed may lead to high levels of unwanted emissions from the combustion. Some raw material variability can be accepted but abrupt changes are difficult to handle. Variations may also cause feeding problems. In general, grate boilers are more sensitive to particle size variations than BFB boilers. Lignin is beneficial for pellet production while high concentrations of extractives may be unfavorable. The acceptable ash content varies with the end use. Household pellet boilers and stoves generally require low ash content, and thus low bark content in the feedstock. Impurities such as sand and rocks can be very detrimental to pelletizing equipment. The ideal moisture content for the pelletizer is around 10%. The material may have to be dried or wetted. Particle sizes to should not exceed 60% of the pellet diameter (typically 6–10 mm). For the drying process, a small particle size is beneficial. The desired particle sizes may also vary with the end use. Smaller particle sizes are preferred when the pellets are crushed into dust before end use. Variations in particle size and moisture content cause severe problems in drying and pelletizing. Uneven moisture content of the dried material and plugged die holes in the pelletizer may be the result. The desired properties are to a large extent governed by the intended end-use of the pellets. Nomenclature: EF: entrained flow, FB: Fluidized bed, BFB: Bubbling fluidized bed, CFB: Circulating fluidized bed 136 Pelletizing CombustionPDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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