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Table 1 summarizes the influence of key raw material properties on important biorefinery processes. The information in the table draws on a report by Väisänen (2010), along with the stakeholder interviews. In the following sections, we briefly define and describe the biorefinery processes included in our summary. Chemical processes In chemical processes, biomass components are separated or dissolved through the application of organic or inorganic chemicals. The processes can, for example, be alkaline, such as the kraft pulping process or acidic, such as the sulphite pulping process. Chemical pulping (kraft and sulphite) has been used for the production of pulp for paper, but other products are possible from the fiber fraction as well as from other streams. For example, sulphite pulping can yield a pure cellulose pulp with ethanol, biogas and lignin as co-products. The cellulose can be used in the production of textiles through the viscose process. Other chemical processes have been suggested, but they are not discussed in this article. The chemical composition of the feedstock may influence the performance and yield of the processes. Particle size, shape, and porosity affect the impregnation of the feedstock by process chemicals as well as the reaction rate. Biochemical processes Biochemical processes apply enzymatic processes to chemically convert the feedstock. An example is the hydrolysis of polymeric sugars (cellulose and hemicelluloses) into monomeric sugars through enzymatic treatment and the subsequent fermentation of the sugars into ethanol by microorganisms. Important raw material properties include the molecular composition (especially in the sugars content and type of sugars), properties that affect the accessibility of the enzymes or microorganisms to the substrate, and the tendency of the feedstock to produce unwanted substances that inhibit biochemical reactions in the process. Thermochemical processes Thermochemical processes include torrefaction, a pre-treatment process performed at a relatively low temperature in the absence of an oxidizing 131PDF Image | BIOMASS TO ENERGY AND CHEMICALS HighBio2 Project Publication
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