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Leinz 1 MWe, 4.4 MWth). The efficiencies of the two plants are shown in Figure 3. educative policy, wood industry and exportation of energy technology lead to the good integration of biomass CHP to the energy sector. Finland supports R&D on new and renewable energy technologies. Some of the reasons of inserting new trends in the energy sector are listed in Table 1. The role of environmental issues is not always clearly defined [3]. The basic obstacles for CHP spreading are as follows. First, the current status of fossil fuels in the energy market makes more difficult the change. The rather high procurement cost of CHP technology is an obstacle, which can be overcome with funding support. The liberalization of the electricity market leads to a decline in the price of electricity [3], which does not make the use of CHP attractive in the short-, but can make attractive the investments in small-scale CHP in the long-term [3,5]. In addition, there is lack of information concerning CHP trends, leading to lack of confidence in CHP, insecurity, economic competition with other forms of electricity generation and lack of public administration support [3,9]. Evaluation methodology In order to compare and to evaluate the different CHP technologies, the definition of indicators through the performance parameters of the systems is necessary. Using technical, economic and environmental data and trends, an analysis was conducted. The typical parameters used to measure the performance of a cogeneration plant are [10]: electrical, heat and overall efficiency and the power/heat ratio. Additionally, the investment, operating and maintenance costs should be taking into account. Another important indicator is the environmental performance of the systems. The indicators studied in this work are shown in Figure 4. The data have been collected through R&D articles on recently constructed biomass CHP plants in Europe, or cogeneration reports. The data was collected, categorized and presented in Tables 2 through 4. Figure 3: Efficiencies of Small Scale ORC biomass power plants Finland has energy policies that favour bioenergy. Taxation measures, spread of relative information, THIRD EUROPEAN COMBUSTION MEETING ECM 2007 39% 2% 12% 20% 1% 1% 1% 4% 9% 1% 11% 8%0% Holland Italy Portugal Slovenia Sw itzerland Sw eden Turkey UK Austria Bulgaria Denmark Finland France Germany Figure 2: Distribution of solid biomass CHP plants [4] Denmark targeted to be independent from oil import since 1970. It has a well-integrated DH network and several laws and institutions providing economic benefits and funding for new “green” technologies. Germany has a strong environmental energy policy. Several laws protecting CHP are installed, whilst there are measures for the promotion of CHP and renewable energy. 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 8 admond leinz electric efficiency thermal efficiency total efficiency Table 1:Operational environment of energy generation [3,5-8] Political Taxation Legislation and regulation International agreements Political stability of society Governmental support Political definitions (emission trade, nuclear energy) Economic Standard of living Energy production infrastructure Purchasing power Organizations operating on the market Economic development Interest rates Liberalization of energy market Inflation Location Price of energy, fuel, technology Social Population structure Distribution of incomes Life style Opinions on green issues Awareness of new technologies and possibilities Standard of education Traditions Technological Natural conditions A vailability of electricity and fuels Existing technologies and their features Rate of technological development 2 Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting 2007 *Corresponding author: vamvuka@mred.tuc.gr efficiency (%)PDF Image | Biomass Cogeneration in Europe: economical, technical and environmental evaluation
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