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1 2 3 Abstract THIRD EUROPEAN COMBUSTION MEETING ECM 2007 Biomass Cogeneration in Europe: economical, technical and environmental evaluation 12234 D.Vamvuka* , E. Mavrou , G. Bandelis , T.Tsoutsos , and I. Papamicheal Associate Professor, Mineral Resources Engineering Department, Technical University of Crete, Greece. Researchers, Mineral Resources Engineering Department, Technical University of Crete, Greece. Assistant Professor, Environmental Engineering Department, Technical University of Crete, Greece. 4 Scientific Collaborator, Centre of Renewable Energy Sources, Picermi, Athens, Greece Cogeneration of Heat and Power (CHP), using biofuels, is a challenging subject combining the benefits of the conventional and alternative technologies with very high overall efficiency. Several actions have been taken to promote the widespread development of CHP in Europe and worldwide. The EU and the member states have funded several RTD projects in order to imply, develop and promote CHP technologies. The use of biomass as a fuel is attractive, due to the environmental benefits and to the barriers that are evoked. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare current CHP biomass fired technologies, in order to conclude to a clear state-of –the-art of the current technological status. The study focuses on the European status and on the benefits of biomass used as a fuel. A detailed analysis was conducted providing technical economic and environmental data and trends. Through specific indicators, key issues in the implementation of biomass CHP in Europe were compared, aiming to facilitate the goal of 26 Mtoe biomass CHP installations to be reached by 2010. Keywords: CHP, biofuel, thermal power Introduction Cogeneration, also known as “combined heat and power” (CHP), is the simultaneous generation of heat and power, both of which are used [1]. CHP units have better total efficiency than conventional energy systems, since better exploitation takes place and energy is used for the production of heat as well. Electricity and heat can be generated in a large variety of scale. Usually, the environmental performance of CHP biomass plants is good, compared to fossil fuels. Theoretically, if biomass is grown in a sustainable, carbon-neutral manner, the energy conversion systems lead to neutral CO2 emissions [2]. The emissions can be reduced by the implementation of improved methods of CO2 capture, or new CHP technologies. Specific Objectives Although there is a great progress concerning CHP biomass systems and the “literature is optimistic about their future” [3], there is a slow integration in the European energy market system. The purpose of this study is to support a brief evaluation of CHP biomass systems in Europe. The current status of biomass CHP technologies in EU is presented and data is compared, in order to conduct an evaluative study of recent trends, aiming to facilitate the goal of 26 Mtoe biomass CHP installations to be reached by 2010. Status in the European Union In the European Union (EU) there is lack of homogeneity concerning the CHP energy sector. In Figure 1, the share of existing solid biomass CHP plants is given, while in Figure 2 the technologies used are shown. These technologies studied are Steam Turbine System, Steam Engine System, Internal Combustion Engine Systems (ICE), micro turbines, Combined Cycle Systems (CCS), Stirling Engine and Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) . 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 No cofiring Co- firing The reasons of the variety of status relates with the obstac0les met for the penetration of CHP in the energy market. Germany, Austria, Finland and Denmark use more CHP technologies than other countries. Austria has a significant energy policy promoting CHP. The existence of district heating network is also an Figure 1: Status of CHP biomass units in Europe [4] The reason of the variety of status relates with the obstacles met for the penetration of CHP in the energy market. Germany, Austria, Finland and Denmark use more CHP technologies than other countries. Austria has a significant energy policy for CHP. The existence of district heating network is an important factor, as well as the public’s participation. The only two commercial ORC biomass plants in the EU are located in Austria (in Admont 0.4 MWe, 1.8MWth; in Austria Denmark Finland France Germany The Italy Portugal Slovenia Sweden Switzerland Greece G.B. number of unitsPDF Image | Biomass Cogeneration in Europe: economical, technical and environmental evaluation
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