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5-7 SL-5641 Final cleanliness. Based on discussions during the KJC site visit, S&L estimates the upper bound on mirror cleanliness to be 95%, as opposed to the SunLab upper limit of 97%. 5.2.2 Annual Receiver Efficiency Receiver efficiency includes absorptivity, thermal efficiency, and plant operational losses. When sunlight strikes the receiver, some energy is reflected. The fraction absorbed is called the absorptivity, and the Pyromark paint used on the tower receiver has an absorptivity of 95% when new. Slow degradation of the paint observed at Solar One dictates that it be reapplied every few years and results in a lower time-average absorptivity (Radosevich 1988). Improved durability of the paint and/or ease of application and curing can raise the average up to the as-new value of 95%. In addition, the receiver suffers radiation and convective losses that reduce its thermal efficiency below 100%. Increasing the solar flux levels on the receiver permits a reduction in size that reduces these losses and increases thermal efficiency. A new high-nickel receiver tube material will be used on future plants because (1) it eliminates stress corrosion cracking, which can occur in the receiver because moist air can enter when it is drained at night, and (2) it permits higher solar flux levels. The stress corrosion cracking resistance has been validated in testing with Sandia. A small prototype panel of the new material has been tested to flux levels in excess of 1.6 MWt/m2. A full size panel was also constructed and installed at Solar Two where it operated at the lower flux levels of that plant. Achieving the increased solar flux levels will require improved flux monitoring and management systems. Plant operational losses occur when the plant is unable to use all of the available energy for a short period. For example, times of very high solar resource can ‘overpower’ the receiver so part of the field must be ‘defocused’ to avoid damage. This reduces annual efficiency. Times of very low solar resource (e.g., sunrise) do not justify plant operation because losses outpace gains. Likewise, when clouds shade the plant, the receiver enters a cloud standby state with salt circulating through the receiver and incurring thermal losses without any energy collection. The plant operating and dispatch strategy can also create a situation where the thermal storage system is full and cannot accept any additional energy, so energy collection must again be curtailed (called ‘dumping.’) Economic optimization of the plant design typically results in a few percent of defocusing and dumping losses.PDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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