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4-40 SL-5641 Final 4.6.3 Mid Term (2010) The SunLab projected mid-term net annual solar-to-electric efficiency is 17.0%, an improvement of 2.7 percentage points from the near-term projected efficiency of 14.3%. This improvement is mainly attributable to the following: • Second-generation advanced receiver with an optical design point efficiency of 79.1% (compared to near-term 75%) as a result of a solar absorptance of 96% (compared to near-term 94.4%) and mirror reflectivity of 95% (compared to near-term 93.5%). • Improved steam turbine cycle efficiency of 3 percentage points as a result of increasing the solar field operating temperature to 500°C. There is a high risk of achieving the mid-term net annual solar-to-electric efficiency of 17.0% based on the following considerations: • The optical efficiency improvement is based on two steps of receiver advancements, an advanced heat collection element (HCE) coating for the projected 500°C operating temperature. Alternate HCE designs are under various stages of development that indicate lower cost than the Solel UVAC HCE, but at reduced efficiency levels. Reduced HCE efficiency will result in a lower net annual solar-to-electric efficiency. • While there are no steam turbine technological risks in achieving the improved efficiency, the type of heat transfer fluid (HTF) will have to be changed to obtain the 500°C inlet steam temperature. The SunLab projections assume a nitrate salt HTF with an upper operating range of 500°C. Alternate HTF development will be required since use of nitrate salt has not been demonstrated for the trough technology. • A direct thermocline thermal storage system is assumed for the mid-term case. At the present time, preliminary assessments have been made on the potential impact that a thermocline storage system might have on the annual performance of the plant and more detailed analyses and research are required. The current ball joints will not work with the high-temperature salt HFT, and flexhose and ball joint sealing options have to be researched and developed. Various thermal storage options are in the early stages of development. A mid-term net annual solar-to-electric efficiency in the 15.4% range represents a low risk by limiting the technology improvements to currently demonstrated or tested improvements. The reduction in efficiency from the projected 17.0% to 15.4% results in an increase in the mid-term levelized energy cost of approximately $0.0045/kWhe.PDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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