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2-9 SL-5641 Final are currently testing a 700-kW beam-down experiment on the tower at the Weizmann Institute of Technology solar power tower test facility. The higher precision required for the heliostat field, as well as thermal and wind loads on the tower-mounted secondary mirror, have limited success to date. This technology likely has years of development ahead, if indeed it will ever be feasible. 2.4.3 Long-Term CSP Advanced Applications Options Over the last dozen years or so, budget restrictions in the U.S. CSP program have limited the focus to near-term electric power generation options. Since power generation is the simplest interface for CSP technologies and since low-cost, reliable concentrators will be needed for any advanced applications, this continues to be the most productive approach with limited budgets. However, there are a number of potential, long-term applications that take advantage of the high-temperature capabilities of tower technology. These include not only the higher temperature (and thus more efficient) Rankine and Brayton electric power cycles discussed above, but also a range of solar chemistry applications that could potentially make CSP a major source of energy in the fuels and chemicals sector. For example, the DOE has successfully demonstrated the thermo-catalytic reforming of natural gas and other organics with steam or carbon dioxide (at temperatures of 800°–900°C). The Israelis, Swiss, Germans, and Australians continue to develop this technology today. In this approach, a tower uses reactors similar to the closed volumetric receivers described above, except that a rhodium or another catalyst is dispersed on the surface of the ceramic mesh, directly absorbing the solar energy to produce syngas, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (Moller et al. 2002). In an open-loop system, the syngas can be further hydrogen enriched via a water- gas shift reaction for several possible applications, including hydrogen production for other uses, including direct combustion, or further conversion to methanol for liquid fuel use. In a closed-loop system, the syngas can be stored (effectively chemically storing solar energy for longer periods than thermal storage) or transported over distances up to a hundred kilometers for process heat or power generation via the reverse reaction (methanation), in which the syngas is converted back to methane for reuse in the solar reactor. With their high-temperature capabilities, towers (and CSP dish technology) can also be used to drive a number of thermochemical, hydrogen production cycles that operate at 800°C and higher. For example, towers could “fuel” the following thermochemical cycles: the sulfur-iodine cycle currently being investigated by the nuclear industry for powering by a nuclear high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR); the Zn/ZnO cycle under intensive study in Switzerland and Israel (Wieckert et al. 2002); U.S. activity in methane decomposition (Dahl etPDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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