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2-8 SL-5641 Final Europe and Israel, tower technology has evolved quite differently. The Europeans (specifically, the Germans and Spanish) have focused on systems using air as the working fluid. The near-term application pulls air at atmospheric pressure through a porous metal or ceramic mesh (the so-called volumetric receiver concept) illuminated by the heliostat field, generating temperatures of about 700°C, ultimately for use in steam generation at 550°C for Rankine cycles (identical to current U.S. molten-salt system Rankine temperatures). The Europeans have investigated rock and ceramic packed-bed storage options that, while not nearly as efficient as two-tank molten salt systems, have continued to drop in cost through the development process, although they have not yet achieved the costs of molten salt systems. A Spanish/German consortium plans to use this technology in the 10-MW PS10 project, which was expected to begin construction in Southern Spain in late 2002 or early 2003. Because 700°C is a relatively conservative temperature limit for this technology (there are no temperature limits on air, and ceramic receivers of this design can go to much higher temperatures), temperature increases to accommodate advanced steam turbines operating above 600°C are relatively straightforward. To expand options further, the Germans are also aggressively investigating pressurized volumetric receiver concepts using quartz windows, reflective secondary concentrators, and ceramic mesh absorbers capable of operating at several atmospheres and temperatures of 900°–1,200°C. The quartz windows limit the size of each receiver, so they are packed into hexagonal arrays (the secondary concentrators have a hexagonal entrance aperture) to achieve higher power levels. Individual receiver elements have been successfully demonstrated over the past 10 years, and they are currently testing the first multi-module array (Sugarman et al. 2002). If successful, this technology will ultimately open options for coupling to higher-efficiency Brayton cycles or combined cycles. There are, of course, many technical challenges to this receiver concept (in the secondary reflectors, the windows, and the ceramic mesh durability), and commercial implementation is still quite a few years away, at best. Nonetheless, DOE/SunLab follows the European development closely and considers this technology credible. For a variety of reasons (see advanced applications below), DOE/SunLab has conducted preliminary development in this area in the past, with those investigations ultimately being terminated due to budget restrictions, not a lack of technology promise. The Israelis have carried this concept one step further, proposing to put a large hyperbolic secondary reflector on top of a tower to “beam down” the concentrated solar energy to ground level (Yogev et al. 1998). This would theoretically allow more options for the high-temperature receiver and coupling of the high-temperature air working fluid to a Brayton cycle or other application. They have successfully demonstrated (without the beam- down mirror) pressurized air volumetric receiver operation at temperatures above 1,200°C (Kribus 2001). TheyPDF Image | Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecasts
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