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value-added product such as aggregate material for construction, road material, floor tiles, roof tiles, landscaping or insulation (Young 2010). The amount of residual material ranges from 0% to 20% by weight; though the low end of these figures rely on reuse of generated co-products (e.g., ash, slag). “Worst case” estimates, if co- products could not be used, are residual materials accounting for 15%-25% of MSW feedstock, by weight (Los Angeles County Conversion Technology evaluation Report 2007). Scale of Operations Gasification of MSW has been commercially proven overseas at MSW feedstock volumes ranging from 100-300 TPD (slightly above the solid waste stream of a typical DOD installation). The conversion efficiency of gasification WTE ranges from 500 kWh to 1 MWh per ton of MSW, though claims at the high end of this range have little to no operating history as a basis for comparison. For continuous operation, the rating is .02-.04 MW per TPD or approximately 2-4 MW for a 100 TPD system (Genivar, et al. 2007) (Young 2010). Challenges The primary challenge in using MSW to fuel a gasification process for energy recovery is control of the syngas production process. The chemical reactions must be balanced so that oxidation is low (to preserve feedstock for conversion to syngas), but with enough oxidation to provide heat for the endothermic syngas-production reactions. The heterogeneous nature of MSW, with varying heating values and chemical makeup of constituent materials, provides a challenging operational environment in which to optimize syngas production. Public perception is also a challenge, as opponents of WTE have had success in grouping thermo chemical conversion processes together, putting gasification in the same category as mass burn technology in the eyes of some (Stewart 2010). Costs for gasification systems can be high, particularly for small-scale systems. The capital expenditure relative to the revenues to be received for tipping fees and electrical generation is high and requires a highly efficient system to prove economical (NREL 2010). Active Projects There are dozens of WTE facilities that use gasification technology operating in Europe, Asia and Australia. The largest gasification unit in operation is a 378-TPD WTE operation in Kawaguchi, Japan (Circeo 2005). There is one full-scale demonstration plant operating in the United States, a 400 TPD unit operated by Recycling Solutions Technology, in Kentucky (Jones 2010). Planned Projects Various gasification WTE systems are currently being planned. See Appendix A for a full list and description of plans for commercial operations. One concept of particular interest is that of Solena Group, which plans to utilize gasification (see plasma arc described below) to create syngas and ultimately jet biofuel. Solena is planning an operation in California, from which it hopes to supply U.S. military operations; and more recently announced a project in the United Kingdom, partnering with British Airways to convert waste to jet fuel (GreenAir Online 2010). 123PDF Image | 4th Annual Chena Renewable Energy Fair
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