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Challenges To be economical, mass burn facility needs a relatively large waste stream to generate the tipping fees and energy sales revenues that will offset the high capital cost of emissions control equipment. The waste stream must also be secure for the life of the WTE facility. Local legislation, in the form of a “flow control” ordinance, may limit destinations for a municipality’s solid waste. This, and competition from other waste management resources, can impede the ability of a WTE facility to maintain the necessary waste volume for efficient operations. There is also a public perception opposing the mass burn process. This perspective, and proposed EPA policy revisions for incinerators, makes permitting mass burn facilities that use this technology difficult (Psomopoulos 2009). Active Projects There are 88 existing commercial facilities utilizing mass burn technology (or a similar system of combusting processed MSW in the form of refuse-derived fuel(RDF)) in operation in the United States. These facilities operate in 25 states and combust approximately 26.3 million tons of MSW per year (Psomopoulos 2009) (WTERT 2010). Planned Projects Covanta Corporation is negotiating with Aberdeen Proving Grounds to upgrade the existing 360- TPD facility (operated by the Northeast Maryland Solid Waste Authority under an Enhanced Use Lease). The new facility is proposed to be a 1200-TPD facility, receiving waste from neighboring Montgomery County (McGeown 2010). The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is evaluating the possibility of a 3,300- TPD hybrid facility at Fort Bliss, Texas. The facility has the potential to generate approximately 65 MW of energy from waste and will be integrated with a concentrating solar power (CSP) facility. The CSP component will contribute to peak power and increase the total plant capacity to approximately 100 MW (Dahle 2010). Gasification Gasification is an emerging WTE technology in which fuel is heated in a limited-oxygen environment. Process Description Waste materials are delivered and stockpiled in a similar manner as mass burn systems. These facilities are typically smaller in scale and the rate of feedstock delivery is much smaller. Gasification facilities are also more likely to include sorting of feedstock to remove recyclable materials and help provide a more homogeneous fuel. Figure 52 illustrates the gasification chamber and process. The non-recyclable material is fed into the gasification chamber using an auger feed mechanism. The gasification chamber is similar to the furnace of a mass burn system. Fuel is either piled on a grate or partially suspended within a fluidized bed. 120PDF Image | 4th Annual Chena Renewable Energy Fair
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