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20 kW ORC Turbine Off-Design Performance Analysis

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20 kW ORC Turbine Off-Design Performance Analysis ( 20-kw-orc-turbine-off-design-performance-analysis )

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Applied Energy 103 (2013) 165–179 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Applied Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy Compressed air energy storage (CAES) with compressors distributed at heat loads to enable waste heat utilization Hossein Safaei a,⇑, David W. Keith b, Ronald J. Hugo c a Institute for Sustainable Energy, Environment and Economy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr., NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2K 1N4 b School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Pierce Hall, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA c Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr., NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2K 1N4 highlights " Novel form of CAES is proposed in which the heat of compression is used for space and water heating demands. " Economic analysis of waste heat recovery from a CAES facility was performed. " The distance between the heat load and storage site has a critical impact on economic favorability of waste heat recovery. " Minimum gas price of $7.0/GJ makes heat recovery economically favorable at a 25 km distance. " Minimum gas price of $7.6/GJ makes heat recovery economically favorable at a 50 km distance. article info Article history: Received 9 February 2012 Received in revised form 10 September 2012 Accepted 15 September 2012 Available online 12 December 2012 Keywords: Compressed air energy storage Waste heat recovery District heating Economic analysis Emission tax Optimization 1. Introduction Electricity demand has substantial hourly, daily, and seasonal variations, resulting in the need for peaking plants that operate only during peak-demand periods, and base load power plants that operate below their optimum output during low-demand periods. These effects lead to a reduction in overall system efficiency, short- ened plant lifespans, greater requirements of financial investment, and higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 403 210 8939. E-mail addresses: safaeimo@ucalgary.ca (H. Safaei), david_keith@harvard.edu (D.W. Keith), hugo@ucalgary.ca (R.J. Hugo). 0306-2619/$ - see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.027 abstract Large scale penetration of renewable energies such as wind and solar into the electric grid is complicated by their intermittency. Energy storage systems can mitigate these fluctuations by storing off-peak energy for use at peak-demand times. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is one of the most promising storage technologies due to the large amount of energy that can be stored at an economical cost. We evaluate the feasibility of improving the economics of CAES by distributing compressors near heat loads to enable recovery of the heat of compression to supply low-grade heating needs such as district heating. Distrib- uted CAES (DCAES) is more efficient; however, it has higher capital costs due to the compressed air pipe- line required between distributed compressors and the storage site. We evaluate the project economics of DCAES in a hypothetical scenario with a variable electric and heat load. The size and dispatch of a gen- eration fleet composed of a wind farm, CAES or DCAES plant and conventional gas turbines are optimized to satisfy the annual electricity load at an hourly resolution at the lowest total cost. We find that the total cost of supplying heat and electric loads is less expensive with DCAES given a 50 km pipeline when fuel prices exceed $7.6/GJ. The cross-over fuel price depends on the distance as it drives the capital cost of the pipeline. The minimum effective fuel price required for economic superiority of the DCAES system is $7.0/ GJ and $8.3/GJ at pipeline lengths of 25 and 100 km, respectively. Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Renewable energies, especially solar and wind, have the potential to provide substantial fractions of electricity supply and to reduce GHG emissions and air pollution from the electricity sector at large scale. Although GHG emissions of nuclear plants and hydroelectric dams are also low, large-scale expansion of these energies is facing difficulty. US and Canada have not built a new nuclear plant for more than 15 years [1,2] and hydroelectric dams are challenged by environmental and siting concerns [3]. Renew- able energies in general, and wind energy in particular, have expe- rienced significant expansion in the past decade. The installed wind capacity in the USA by the end of 2010 (40.2 GW) was approximately 15 times higher than its value at the beginning of the year 2000 [4]. Similarly, the installed wind capacity in Canada

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