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sensors Article Secure Combination of IoT and Blockchain by Physically Binding IoT Devices to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUFs Javier Arcenegui *, Rosario Arjona , Roberto Román and Iluminada Baturone Citation: Arcenegui,J.;Arjona,R.; Román, R.; Baturone, I. Secure Combination of IoT and Blockchain by Physically Binding IoT Devices to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUFs. Sensors 2021, 21, 3119. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093119 Academic Editor: Wenjuan Li Received: 31 March 2021 Accepted: 27 April 2021 Published: 30 April 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Microelectronics Institute of Seville (IMSE-CNM), University of Seville, CSIC, C/Américo Vespucio 28, 41092 Seville, Spain; arjona@imse-cnm.csic.es (R.A.); roman@imse-cnm.csic.es (R.R.); lumi@imse-cnm.csic.es (I.B.) * Correspondence: arcenegui@imse-cnm.csic.es Abstract: Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are widely used in blockchain to represent unique and non- interchangeable assets. Current NFTs allow representing assets by a unique identifier, as a possession of an owner. The novelty introduced in this paper is the proposal of smart NFTs to represent IoT devices, which are physical smart assets. Hence, they are also identified as the utility of a user, they have a blockchain account (BCA) address to participate actively in the blockchain transactions, they can establish secure communication channels with owners and users, and they operate dynamically with several modes associated with their token states. A smart NFT is physically bound to its IoT device thanks to the use of a physical unclonable function (PUF) that allows recovering its private key and, then, its BCA address. The link between tokens and devices is difficult to break and can be traced during their lifetime, because devices execute a secure boot and carry out mutual authentication processes with new owners and users that could add new software. Hence, devices prove their trusted hardware and software. A whole demonstration of the proposal developed with ESP32-based IoT devices and Ethereum blockchain is presented, using the SRAM of the ESP32 microcontroller as the PUF. Keywords: IoT security; blockchain technology; Ethereum; smart contracts; non-fungible tokens (NFTs); physical unclonable functions (PUFs); trusted hardware; secure boot 1. Introduction The Internet of things (IoT) is the paradigm where anything (devices, objects, subjects, etc.) can be interconnected through the Internet with the capability of interacting, collecting, processing, and sharing data in a smart way. The rapid growth in the number of things connected to Internet has led to the need for security solutions. Most existing solutions focus on the secure handling and sharing of the data, addressing risks that range from the use of personal data without the owner’s consent or knowledge to data access or manipulation by unauthorized parties [1]. Blockchain technologies have recently been used with IoT since they provide a distributed and cryptographically secure chain of data blocks, which allows an immutable data trail that guarantees ownership of data and user privacy [2]. Each block in a blockchain is identified univocally and is linked to the previous one by using a cryptographic hash function. A new block is added to the chain if participants in the blockchain with the role of miners demonstrate that the new block is secure and most of the miners agree with the demonstration, applying a consensus algorithm. If an attacker tries to change data in a block, for example, data captured by the sensors of an IoT device, the hash of the block changes and the data in the next block do not match. The attacker would have to change all the subsequent blocks in the chain to not be detected [3]. The data in the blocks can be data captured by the IoT devices, as well as data about transactions and the participants involved in the transactions. The exchange of digital Sensors 2021, 21, 3119. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093119 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensorsPDF Image | Binding IOT to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUF
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