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Energies 2021, 14, 6805 59 of 72 current brine flows of 1574 m3 per h (7000 gallons per min). Construction is on target to start in 2022, with commercial lithium production expected to begin in 2024 [40]. EnergySource has continued to develop lithium extraction processes specifically tar- geted for geothermal brines from the Salton Sea KGRA and is currently marketing a process technology named “Integrated Lithium Adsorption Desorption” (ILiAD) [279]. The ILiAD process has been patented and includes pretreatment, lithium extraction, purification and lithium product production steps (Figure 24) [133–135,279]. Unlike the Simbol process (Figure 23), in the ILiAD process, removal of zinc and manganese precedes the lithium extraction process (Figure 24). Iron, silica, zinc and manganese are removed and recovered in sequential steps before lithium extraction (Figure 24) [133–135,279]. Lithium is removed with AlOH or AlOx sorbents using a continuous bed process [133–135,279]. According to the patent, the lithium chloride selective adsorbent may be a resin-based alumina imbibed adsorbent, a lithium alumina intercalate adsorbent, an alumina imbibed ion-exchange resin, or an alumina-based adsorbent [133–135]. Iron and silica are removed by precipitation and zinc and manganese are removed by solvent extraction with Cyanex 272 or similar solvents using a counter-current contactor [133–135]. Post-extraction purification and processing include processes for removal of calcium and magnesium by ion exchange and further Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 61 of 74 purification of the lithium chloride stream by precipitation and solvent stripping reactions (Figure 24) [133–135]. Lithium hydroxide is produced by electrolysis and lithium carbonate (Figure 24) [133,134,135]. Lithium hydroxide is produced by electrolysis and lithium is produced by the addition of sodium carbonate and purified by cycles of crystalliza- carbonate is produced by the addition of sodium carbonate and purified by cycles of tion and dissolution (Figure 24) [133–135]. The process is designed to be modular, with crystallization and dissolution (Figure 24) [133,134,135]. The process is designed to be each process modumloedusliazre, wditfhoeracphrporodcuescstmionduloefsiazepdpforropxriomduactieolnyof3a0p0p0roxmimeatreliyc3t0o00nmseLtrCicE per tons LCE per year, depending on brine lithium concentrations [133,134,135]. Pilot trials year, depending on brine lithium concentrations [133–135]. Pilot trials demonstrated the demonstrated the ability to produce high-purity lithium products (>99.9% pure) at a 90% ability to produce high-purity lithium products (>99.9% pure) at a 90% lithium recovery lithium recovery rate [133,134,135]. rate [133–135]. Figure 24. EnergySource patented process for extraction of lithium and other valuable materials from geothermal brines from [133–135]. The process train includes pretreatment, lithium chloride extraction and recovery by continuous counter-current ion exchange, followed by purification and Figure 24. EnergySource patented process for extraction of lithium and other valuable materials from geothermal brines conversion of lithium chloride to saleable products, either lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide. from [133,134,135]. The process train includes pretreatment, lithium chloride extraction and recovery by continuous counter-current ion exchange, followed by purification and conversion of lithium chloride to saleable products, either See Featherstone et al. [133–135] for a complete description of the process flow diagrams. This process lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide. See Featherstone et al. [133,134,135] for a complete description of the process flow is marketed as the ILiAD Process [279]. diagrams. This process is marketed as the ILiAD Process [279]. 5. Results and Conclusions Technology for the direct extraction and recovery of lithium from brines will be very important for the development of new lithium resources to meet the rising demand for lithium-dependent energy storage. Geothermal brines could become a major new source of lithium both in the United States and elsewhere. In this paper, we expanded our paperPDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)