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Energies 2021, 14, 6805 52 of 72 Perez et al. [273] extracted boron from a solar-concentrated salar brine from Argentina via solvent extraction with aliphatic alcohols in a hydrocarbon solvent solution, where isooctyl alcohol and 5% to 20% by volume tributylphosphate was dissolved in petroleum distillates (Escaid 100). Boron was collected as calcium borate (CaB2O4.6H2O), thereby eliminating both boron and calcium from the remaining brine [273]. Arsenic Park et al. [263] showed that the presence of arsenic negatively impacts the adsorption of lithium onto a MnOx. They conducted experiments with geothermal brines from Hatchobaru, Kyushu, Japan and found sorption interference by arsenic at a concentration of approximately 3 mg/L. Their solution to deal with the interference of As3+ was to apply a two-part adsorption process. In the first step, the brine was reacted with magnetite (Fe3O4), which has a strong adsorption affinity for As3+ but not for lithium [263]. Subsequently, the lithium was adsorbed onto λ-MnO2. Removing the As prevented the decomposition of λ-MnO2 [263]. As discussed above, Harrison and coworkers investigated the potential commercial value of ion-silicate solids from a geothermal power plant in the Salton Sea KGRA [129,130]. The iron-silicate precipitate they produced was found to contain arsenic, which reduced any possible value from the iron-silicate, so methods to remove arsenic before precipitation of silica were investigated [130]. Arsenic removal by sulfide precipitation and partial oxidation were both investigated [130]. Sulfide precipitation worked for arsenic removal in test solutions, but not with real brines from the Elmore power plant [130]. Partial oxidation by air sparging was considered more effective, removing approximately 90% of the arsenic from solution, which resulted in less arsenic in the iron-silica filter cake [130]. It was noted that adding ferric hydroxide was also effective at removing arsenic from brines [130]. Phosphates and Fluorides Other elements such as phosphates and fluorides could interfere with lithium adsorp- tion from geothermal brines [302]. Although these compounds have not been investigated extensively in the context of geothermal lithium, they have been considered in the context of battery recycling [305]. Recycling companies use staged pH adjustment and solvent stripping with D2EHPA to separate lithium from contaminants such as phosphorus and fluorine [290,305]. In summary, the selectivity of the sorbent, the tolerance of the sorbent to interfering ions, and the purity of the lithium extracted from the sorbent will be major cost drivers for real-world applications [47]. How the sorbents perform in the presence of any number of co-occurring chemical elements, including magnesium, calcium, manganese, and base metals, will determine the level of pretreatment required before the lithium extraction step. If the sorbent is not sufficiently selective, high concentrations of competing ions may render it ineffective for lithium extraction. The ability of the sorbent to tolerate scaling, coating, or poisoning by minerals and other chemicals found in geothermal brines may also prove an important limiting factor to full-scale application. In addition, the presence of even trace contaminants and other impurities in the lithium solution extracted from the sorbent during regeneration could affect the value of the final lithium product derived from geothermal fluids (i.e., lithium chloride, lithium hydroxide). The level of pretreatment of geothermal brines that will be required before sorbent extraction of lithium will depend on the sorbent process being used, the available options for post-extraction purification and the purity specifications for the produced lithium chloride, lithium carbonate, or lithium hydroxide, that vary by application and the buyer’s requirements. 4. Mineral Recovery from Salton Sea Geothermal Brines Hypersaline Salton Sea geothermal brines are considered the most promising sources of brine lithium in the United States. Salton Sea geothermal brines also have high con- centrations of other minerals and there is a long history of geothermal mineral extractionPDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |