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Energies 2021, 14, 6805 43 of 72 a lithium concentration of the brine chamber was reduced to 442.3 mg/L (from 500 mg/L), and the lithium concentration in the salt chamber was 57.8 mg/L [243]. Mroczek et al. [54] applied electrodialysis to geothermal brines from the Wairakei Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 45 of 74 (NZ) geothermal power station (Figure 21). The geothermal fluid was first desilicated using electrocoagulation with aluminum electrodes and then lithium was extracted with electrodialysis. The influence of voltage, current, fluid temperature, and acidification on lliitthiiumeexxttrraaccttioionnwaassmeeaassuurreeddininaallaabboorraattoorryyeelelecctrtrooddiaialylysissisuunnitit[5[544].].Accididddoossininggwaass found to be essential to the electrodialysis process due to the alkalinity of the desilicated found to be essential to the electrodialysis process due to the alkalinity of the desilicated geothermal brine. The greatest extraction rates were obtained at a pH of approximately 2–4, geothermal brine. The greatest extraction rates were obtained at a pH of approximately 2– and the highest extraction rate achieved was 0.28 mg/h·cm2 using an 2active membrane 4, and the highest extraction rate achieved was 0.28 mg/hour·cm using an active with a three-membrane stack. Increased current increased the extraction rate, but had a membrane with a three-membrane stack. Increased current increased the extraction rate, negative effect on membrane lifetime [54]. but had a negative effect on membrane lifetime [54]. Fiiggurree2211..Sccheemaattiiccoffaaniideeaalliizzeedeeleleccttrrooddiaialylyssisis(e(elelecctrtroocchheemicicaal)l)sseeppaarraatitoionnpprorocceesss[5[544].]. Selleccttiive elleccttrrodiiallysiis iin tthe cconttextt off liltithhiium eexxttrraaccttiion ffrroom waatteerr hhaass bbeeenn recently reviewed [234,257]. The extraction of lithium ion from salt lake brines can be recently reviewed [234,257]. The extraction of lithium ion from salt lake brines can be achieved by electrodialysis using commercially available anion-exchange membranes achieved by electrodialysis using commercially available anion-exchange membranes (e.g., MA-7500 from Sybron and American Ionac) and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO ) (e.g., MA-7500 from Sybron and American Ionac) and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO44) and iron(III) phosphate (FePO ) electrodes. Parameters such as pH and salt content and iron(III) phosphate (FePO44) electrodes. Parameters such as pH and salt content influenced lithium extraction and lithium concentrations as high as 38.9 mg/g could be influenced lithium extraction and lithium concentrations as high as 38.9 mg/g could be + 2+ achieved [234,257]. The applied voltage, feed velocity, feed Li :+Mg 2+ ratio and pH all achieved [234,257]. The applied voltage, feed velocity, feed Li :Mg ratio and pH all + 2+ impacted the Li+ /Mg2+ separation factor [234,257]. In some cases, lithium recoveries impacted the Li /Mg separation factor [234,257]. In some cases, lithium recoveries over over 95% were achieved and th2e+ Mg+ 2+/Li+ mass ratio was decreased to 8 from 150 in 95% were achieved and the Mg /Li mass ratio was decreased to 8 from 150 in the feed the feed solution [234]. Li et al. concluded that selective electrodialysis was superior solution [234]. Li et al. concluded that selective electrodialysis was superior to to nanofiltration for the fractionation of Mg2+/Li+ in solutions with a high initial mass nanofiltration for the fractionation of Mg2+/Li+ in solutions with a high initial mass ratio ratio [234]. However, the poor durability of ionic membranes is a major issue preventing [234]. However, the poor durability of ionic membranes is a major issue preventing electrodialysis from becoming a widely applied technology for the recovery of lithium electrodialysis from becoming a widely applied technology for the recovery of lithium from brines [234,257]. from brines [234,257]. 3. Applications of Lithium Sorption Technology As discussed above, there are a number of different approaches being investigated for the direct extraction of lithium from brines. The most advanced technologies are in the realm of solid adsorbents and most commercialized lithium recovery processes are based on using molecular sieve ion-exchange sorbents for the extraction of lithium.PDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)