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Energies 2021, 14, 6805 35 of 72 lution. They used LIX 54 and Cyanex 923 in ShellSol D70 diluent for lithium extraction with an efficiency of approximately 97% at pH 11 and a lithium to sodium separation factor of 1560 [208]. Lithium recovery was achieved with a 0.5 M HCl strip solution [208]. Other commercial extractants, such as D2EHPA, Cyanex 272, trioctylamine (TOA), di- ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (DEHPA) or 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC-88A), are used in lithium-ion battery recycling for separating cobalt, copper, and lithium [17]. Solvent extraction has been extensively investigated for lithium-ion battery recycling. For example, Zhang et al. [209] used a beta-diketone extraction system composed of benzoyltrifluoroacetone (HBTA), TOPO and kerosene to recover lithium from spent lithium batteries. A three-stage countercurrent extraction process resulted in more than 90% of lithium being extracted by the organic phase. To remove non-target sodium, the lithium- loaded organic phase is eluted by dilute HCl solution, and then lithium is stripped by 6 M HCl to obtain a 4 M lithium solution [209]. Either lithium carbonate or lithium chloride can be prepared from the lithium-rich solution obtained from the process. The stripped organic phase was recycled and no “crud” or emulsification was observed during the process [209]. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to investigate the extraction mechanism of HBTA-TOPO. The thermodynamic study revealed lithium extraction is exothermic and that lower temperature favors lithium extraction [209]. Narisako et al. [210] proposed using alkyl phosphonate for solvent extraction of lithium for battery recycling. The method focused on co-extracting nickel and lithium using 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester at a pH of 8.0 to 8.5 in a three-stage process where nickel and lithium are co-extracted into the organic phase. Other solvents that have been applied for the extraction of lithium include a variety of substituted nitrogen-heterocyclic analogues of phenanthrene (i.e., substituted benzo[h]quinolone) [211]. Additionally, isopropanol is used in the purification of precipitated lithium chloride [61]. 2.4.3. Cyclic Siloxane Ueda [212] used cyclic siloxane to remove and concentrate lithium ions as cyclic siloxane–lithium-ion complexes. The cyclic siloxane–lithium-ion complexes are extracted using liquid–liquid extraction and then recovered from the organic phase by filtering. Cyclic siloxanes are reported to form strong complexes with lithium ions with high selectivity. The cyclic siloxanes are selective for lithium ions, even though the equilibrium constant of the complex-forming reaction is moderate. Cyclic siloxanes are highly hydrophobic and can be effective in extracting lithium from water into organic solvents [212]. 2.4.4. Ionic Liquids Ionic liquids have been investigated for use in metal extraction from aqueous flu- ids, including extraction of lithium [17,63,181,185]. Ionic liquids have also been studied for the separation of lithium isotopes (6Li/7Li) [63,181,213]. Low-temperature or room- temperature ionic liquids, discussed here, are non-aqueous phase systems with anionic and cationic components that are liquid below 100 ◦C [185]. Ionic liquids can serve as the diluent, but may also have properties as an extractant or a co-extractant (Figures 17 and 18). Ionic liquids are of interest for metal extraction due to their unique physical properties and the possibility to choose numerous possible ligands as the anionic component [185]. Control of the speciation and thus chemical properties of the ionic liquid permits the attainment of extremely high activities of the ligands [185]. Room-temperature ionic liq- uids have attractive physical properties, including being non-volatile, non-combustible, of adjustable viscosity, and high thermal stability [63]. Ionic liquids have been investigated as replacements for traditional volatile organic solvents and as novel alternatives to more traditional extractants [63,185]. Shi and co-workers investigated imidazole ionic liquids as novel lithium extraction agents and as diluents in conjunction with reagents such as TBP [63,214–219]. They used the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate with TBP to extract lithiumPDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |