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Energies 2021, 14, 6805 34 of 72 Solvent extraction was proposed for the extraction of lithium from aqueous solutions of alkali metal salts as early as 1954 [200]. Dibenzoylmethane (DBM) was identified as complexing with alkali metal ions to form chelate rings and it was shown that complex formation was more favorable for lithium (log K of ~6) than for sodium or potassium (log K ≤ 4) [200]. Lee et al. [180] extracted lithium from a solution of alkali metal salts using an adduct between DBM and TOPO. The resulting product had the form LiDBM·2TOPO or Li2(DBM)2·2HDBM·4TOPO, depending on the original solution composition. The chelated lithium was extracted with dodecane or p-xylene [180]. Hano et al. [53] investigated the solvent extraction of alkali and alkaline earth metals using the organophosphorus compounds D2EHPA and 2-ethylhexyl-phosphonic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A) as extractants. Hano et al. [53] abbreviated 2-ethylhexyl- phosphonic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester as MEHPA, but this is more commonly an abbreviation for mono-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (Table 10). Hano et al. [53] determined extraction equilibrium constants and composition of each metal complex in organic phase. The extrac- tants were selective for lithium over other monovalent metal cations, but divalent metal cations had a stronger affinity than lithium. The addition of tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) served to enhance solvent recovery of lithium. This effect was presumed to be due to the replacement of solvated extractant (D2EHPA or PC88A) by TBP. Changing the pH of the solution between 4 and 7 affected the extent of metal extraction, with a pH above 6 favoring lithium extraction. The organophosphorus solvents, with and without TBP, were used to extract lithium from geothermal waters from Japan. Lithium recovery was in the range of 50% for higher lithium waters; however, magnesium and calcium recoveries were almost 100% [53]. D2EHPA has been proposed for use in battery recycling to remove manganese, iron, aluminum, copper, and cobalt since D2EHPA is not selective for lithium in the presence of these other ions [201–204]. Other organophosphorus compounds have also been investigated for the direct ex- traction of lithium from solution. El-Eswed et al. [205] investigated the organophos- phorus ligands phenylphosphonic, phenylphosphinic and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid and observed that by adding ammonia to the aqueous phase, lithium extraction increased as high as 90% with bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid. Neutral extraction sys- tems containing TBP, FeCl3, and kerosene have been extensively investigated for lithium extraction [63,179,183,206,207]. In this solvent extraction approach, kerosene is the dilu- ent, TBP serves as a neutral organophosphorus extractant, and FeCl3 is the co-extraction reagent [63,179,183]. In the presence of excess chloride, TBP and FeCl3 form HFeCl4·2TBP, which will extract lithium via ion exchange to form LiFeCl4·2TBP. In the extractant, lithium ion is coordinated to the oxygen atom of P=O in the TBP molecule [63]. The source of chloride influences lithium extraction, as it has been reported that MgCl2 increases the recovery of lithium [63]. Organophosphorous compounds such Cyanex 272 and TBP have been tested for extraction of lithium from acid and alkaline leachate produced as part of lithium mining from ores and clays and battery recycling [179]. Several investigators reported successful extraction of lithium ion using a mixture of chelating and neutral extractants such as TBP and TOPO in kerosene [179]. However, extraction by TBP solvents does not appear to be selective. The recovery of lithium from brines with high sodium concentrations has been studied for several extraction systems containing beta-diketone [63]. The synergism of these systems is based on the combination of beta-diketone as a chelate with a neutral solvation ligand. This process involves the displacement of protons by beta-diketone to form an ionized beta-diketone; then the ionized beta-diketone interacts with the lithium ion to form a chelating complex; finally, the complex forms an adduct with the neutral solvent [181]. Typically, the combination of beta-diketone and neutral ligand has an excellent performance for the lithium extraction and separation from alkali metal ions [63]. Pranolo et al. [208] demonstrated that commercially manufactured reagent mixtures (e.g., LIX 54) could also be used for separation of lithium from sodium in aqueous so-PDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
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ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)