PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 018
Energies 2021, 14, 6805 18 of 72 Component Cathode Anode Wt.% of the Total Weight of the Battery 39.1 ± 1.1 Material LiCoO2 LiMn2 O4 LiNiO2 LiFePO4 Li2 FePO4 F LiCo1/3 Ni1/3 Mn1/3 O Li(Lia Nix Mny Coz )O2 Carbon Hard carbon Structure Layered Spinel Layered Olivine Olivine Layered/spinel Layered/spinel Graphite Microspheres Properties/Merits High structural stability and can be cycled >500 times with 80–90% capacity retention Attractive for ecological and economic reasons; discharges ~3 V Cheaper and possesses higher energy density (15% higher by volume, 20% higher by weight), but less stable and less ordered as compared to LiCoO2 Suitable for biomedical applications because of higher safety levels and lower cost Possesses high capacity with structural and thermal stability, and safe to use Low cost and availability. It has the ability to reversibly absorb and release large quantity of Li (Li:C) = 1:6 Table 6. Materials used for lithium-ion batteries are also used as adsorbents [56]. Reprinted from Hydrometallurgy, v. 150, Meshram et al., Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary sources by pre-treatment, leaching and separation: A comprehensive review, 192–208, Copyright 2014, with permission from Elsevier. Crystalline metal structures are selective for the sorption of lithium because they have numerous cation-exchange sites that are protected inside a crystal matrix that serves as a molecular sieve. The molecular sieve selectively allows small lithium ions to access internal ion-exchange sites, whereas larger cations are excluded from internal sites. Feng and coworkers showed that the predominant reaction for the sorption of lithium by MnOx was via ion exchange, rather than oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions [103,104]. Investigations showed that the selective adsorption capacity of MnOx was due the crystalline structure acting as a molecular sieve that allowed lithium ions to enter into the crystalline lattice, but sterically hindered the entrance of other ions (e.g., [80,103–107]). A similar steric hindrance mechanism has been proposed for intercalation of lithium ions in TiOx and AlOH crystals as well (e.g., [80,99–101,108–114]). 2.3.1. Aluminum Hydroxides Crystalline aluminum trihydroxides (Al(OH)3), such as gibbsite, bayerite, and nord- strandite, can form layered intercalation matrices with lithium [108,109,115,116]. Amor- phous Al(OH)3 can be reacted with lithium chloride at elevated temperature to form crys- talline LiCl·2Al(OH)3, which can adsorb lithium ion from lithium-containing brines [86,87]. Burba [87] showed that, under an appropriate range of initial concentrations and tempera- tures, crystalline hydrous aluminum oxides (AlOx) can be reacted directly with lithium salts to form crystalline lithium salt aluminates. Cations (lithium, magnesium, and tran- sition metals) lie in the octahedral voids of the AlOH layers (Figure 11) [108,109,116]. As discussed in other sections, AlOH can be added to zeolite, resins, and other materials to make lithium sorbents [6,84–87,117–119].PDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
PDF Search Title:
Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal BrinesOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-14-06805-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)