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Energies 2021, 14, 6805 14 of 72 reports, and scientific literature. This examination shows that there is a vibrant nascent industry growing around direct extraction of lithium from brines and that application of direct lithium extraction to geothermal brines has unique challenges. 2. Technology for the Direct Extraction of Lithium from Brine Techniques and technologies applied for the direct extraction of lithium from brines include precipitation, well-established sorption technologies such as ion-exchange resins, emerging novel sorbents, such as metal oxides, solvent separation using solvents commonly used for metal extraction, and novel solvents specific to lithium, such as crown ethers. Direct lithium extraction methods may use membranes and electrochemical processes to enhance lithium extraction. In this section we discuss the variety of technologies and techniques that have been used or are under development for extraction of lithium from brine. Other studies have examined technologies and techniques for lithium recovery from hard rock and clay resources [10,11]. 2.1. Concentration and Precipitation It is possible to use simple and well-understood chemical precipitation reactions to recover lithium from brine. Some of the precipitation and other processes used for lithium recovery from seawater and brines are summarized in Table 5 [56]. Lithium can be recovered by lime precipitation; however, for a variety of precipitation methods that have been tested, aluminum salts are reported to show the best performance for lithium recovery from geothermal water [56,65]. Using a Salton Sea geothermal brine, Schultze and Bauer [65] precipitated over 99% of the lithium in by adding a solution of AlCl3 and increasing the pH to 7.5 with lime slurry (see Section 3, below). Meshram et al. [56] reported that the appropriate pH for lithium recovery is 10–13 and the use of NaAlO2 produced better recoveries than AlCl3. With a high-purity NaAlO2 solution as a precipitating agent, approximately 98–99% lithium recovery was achieved at pH 11.5 from a silica (SiO2) and calcium-free geothermal water [56].PDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)