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product (e.g., [57,60,61]). A generalized flowsheet of lithium carbonate production from a Energies 2021, 14, 6805 concentrated salar brine is shown in Figure 9 [56]. Other versions of this process include variations such as using solar evaporation to concentrate the brine to approximately 3% lithium chloride, then treating it with lime and calcium chloride to convert impurities such as boron, magnesium and sulfate to a calcium borate hydrate, magnesium hydroxide and 13 of 72 calcium sulfate dihydrate [52]. Production of lithium carbonate using salt ponds is estimated to cost 30% to 50% less than lithium obtained from hard rock mines [56,62]. FiFgiugruer9e.9F.lFolwow-ch-cahratrftofrolritlhitihuimumexetxratrcaticotinonasalsitlhitihuimumcacrabrobnoantaetferofrmomsaslarlabrrbinrien,ea,daodpotpedtedfrofrmom[5[65]6. ]R.eRperpinritnetded(m(modoidfiiefdie)d) frofrmomHyHdyrodmroemtaelltuarllguyr,gvy.,15v0.,1M50e,shMraemshertamal.,eEtxatrla.,ctEioxntraocftliiothniuomf lfirtohmiumprifmroamryapnridmsaercyonadnadrysseocuonrcdeasrbyysporuer-ctreesatbmyenptr,e- treatment, leaching and separation: A comprehensive review, 192–208, Copyright 2014, with permission from Elsevier. leaching and separation: A comprehensive review, 192–208, Copyright 2014, with permission from Elsevier. 1.8.FFourtbuortehPgreaocthiceerms:aDliarnedctcEoxntvreanctiionaol lfitLhiituhmiurmesforuormceBs,rtihnerse is interest in developing technology and processes for the “direct extraction” of lithium from brines. In direct Although the use of open ponds for evaporation and concentration of lithium brines extraction, lithium is concentrated from solution by a technological means, as opposed is nominally inexpensive, the evaporation process is time consuming, land intensive and to evaporative concentration (e.g., [63,64]). The ideal direct lithium extraction technology wasteful of water [21]. The development of new brine resources from undeveloped would be one that can specifically pluck lithium ions out of complex geochemical soup, lithium brine deposits is likely to meet significant environmental and social barriers to while leaving all other salts and metals in solution. However, as discussed below, selective implementation, particularly in the US, and evaporation ponds are not considered extraction of lithium from brine is challenging. It is recognized that direct lithium extraction environmentally sustainable [19]. Furthermore, geothermal energy production requires will have higher upfront capital costs than evaporation ponds [21]. Direct lithium extraction that lithium be recovered from brines without significant losses of water, since water is a has been employed profitably to produce lithium chloride from brines in Argentina and valuable resource that must be reinjected to maintain energy production at geothermal China and it is estimated that approximately 12% of the world’s lithium supply in 2019 was produced using direct lithium extraction technology [64]. Direct extraction processes will require careful attention to competitive operating costs at scale, but it is believed that geothermal lithium production, using direct lithium extraction and recovery, will be competitive within the current global commodity supply curves, especially if other commodities (e.g., metals) can be harvested along with lithium [21]. 1.9. Objective of This Paper The objective of this paper is to examine and analyze direct lithium extraction technol- ogy in the context of developing sustainable lithium production from geothermal brines. In this review, we focus on the application of the technology to geothermal brines; however, applications to other brines (such as coproduced brines from oil wells) are considered. The approach taken was to review the fundamentals of lithium recovery technology and examine applied processes envisioned or utilized for extracting lithium from brines. We interpret the results of fundamental and applied studies in the context of geothermal lithium production, with a focus on the Salton Sea KGRA. The focus of this paper is on industrial or commercial processes and associated technologies, rather than on basic research. The information examined includes patents, patent applications, industrialPDF Image | Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)