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evaluation of the LiCl production by MDC using a single LiCl aqueous solution was carried out by Quist-Jensen et al. [69]. This economical calculation was performed on the basis of the assumptions that the capacity of the system was 1 m3 h−1 and a pre-filtration treatment system was used. The results showed that the unit LiCl cost was calculated to be USD 2.18 kg–1; meanwhile, the capital cost and the annual operating cost were USD 12,886 year–1 and USD 10,509 year–1, respectively. Compared with the pressure- and the thermal-driven membrane-based separation technologies, S-ED exhibited a higher lithium recovery rate (95%), a higher selectivity (SLi/Mg reached 20–30), and a lower energy consumption [18,76]. For instance, a preliminary economic evaluation of the S-ED with bipolar membranes for the production of LiOH was conducted by Xu et al. [80]. The energy consumption was estimated to be in the range of 6–21 kWh kg–1. The energy consumption would decrease at an increased feed concentration and/or a reduced current density. At the optimum production of LiOH with a purity of 95%, the capital cost was USD 2.56 kg–1 and the energy cost was USD 1.3 kg–1. Compared with the market price of LiOH (USD 14.6 kg–1) in China, it has a huge commercial potential. Although the electrical energy is the main operational cost, the cost of the pre-treatments also need to be added to the operational cost. This is because the suspended solids need to be removed from the feed by using pre-treatments such as sand filtration or ultrafiltration. Another pre-treatment (e.g. acidification and anti-scalant addition) to avoid the scale formation on the membrane surfaces is also required. In addition, because of the high cost of the ion-exchange membranes, the S-ED equipment accounts for a majority of the total cost. A major problem encountered in the operation was the short lifetime of the membrane pairs [114]. The main cause of the short lifetime of the membranes was the high-voltage trials. High voltages result in a decline in the process efficiency because of electrolysis and chlorine production, which further damages the membranes. Therefore, the low-priced 26PDF Image | Membrane based technologies for lithium recovery from water lithium
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)