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Electrodialysis (ED), an electro-membrane separation process, is widely used in the desalting of salty water, treatment of industrial effluents, and the production of organic acids [74]. In an ED process, the cation and anion exchange membranes are placed alternatively (Fig. 6a). An electrical field is applied, and thus, cations and anions migrate through the respective ion exchange membrane towards the corresponding electrode. However, conventional ion exchange membranes cannot separate ions with the same charge (such as Li+/Mg2+). The development of a monovalent ion exchange membrane, which separates monovalent ions from divalent ions, is extremely important for the application of ED to extract lithium from salt-lake brine or seawater. Selective electrodialysis (S-ED) was proposed as a new type of ED, in which standard ion-exchange membranes are replaced with monovalent selective ion-exchange membrane as the separation media [75]. The principle of the S-ED stack is that the monovalent cations (Li+, Na+, and K+) migrate through the monovalent selective cation-exchange membranes, which causes an increase in the monovalent ion concentration in the concentrating compartment. At the same time, the divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) are blocked by the monovalent selective cation-exchange membranes and retained in the desalting compartment. Subsequently, the concentrated mixed monovalent ion solution is subjected to the precipitation of lithium carbonate at 80°C–90°C by using sodium carbonate. As a result, a high-purity and good-crystalline lithium carbonate can be produced [12]. Nie et al. [76] quantitatively investigated the feasibility of S-ED for extracting Li+ from synthetically prepared brine with a Mg2+/Li+ mass ratio of 150. Surprisingly, a high Li+ recovery of 95.3% was achieved, and the corresponding Mg2+/Li+ mass ratio was decreased to 8 after treatment with the S-ED process. S-ED exhibited technical superiority for the fractionation of Mg2+/Li+ with a high mass ratio in comparison to NF. To further verify and optimise the adaptability of S-ED, the effects of the operating conditions and the feed 18PDF Image | Membrane based technologies for lithium recovery from water lithium
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)