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Thermodynamics and Energy Engineering a membrane process [112, 113]. Lithium extraction from seawater was selectively achieved by dialysis using a lithium ion superconducting membrane. For appro- priate industrial lithium mass production applications, the dialysis process can be energy efficient and easily scalable [111]. Recovery of lithium by membrane desalination followed by crystallization was reported by Quist-Jensen et al. [114]. Extraction of lithium chloride and comparison of membrane crystallization in direct contact, vacuum and osmotic configuration were carried out. In their environment, the necessary supersaturation for crystallization was achieved for the simultaneous production of pure water and lithium by vacuum-membrane distillation [114]. 6. Lithium ion-sieve effect In 1971, ion-sieve oxides were first prepared by Volkhin et al. [125] since ion- sieve oxides have received increasing attention in the last few decades due to the special properties and performance as metal ions [126–130]. To extract specific metal ions with effective ion-sieve characteristics, ion-sieve oxides are fine adsor- bents. Ion-sieve oxide adsorbents are obtained from corresponding precursors containing ions of the target metal. Characteristically, precursors are stable molecu- lar structures, even if target ions are removed from their crystal sites, free crystal sites can still be retained. Thus, the resulting free crystal regions can only contain ions whose ionic radii are less than or equal to the radii of the target ions. In fact, only lithium ions can re-enter the free spaces of lithium ion sieves because lithium has the smallest ionic radius among all metal ions. The study shows that only lithium ions can be adsorbed when LISs are placed in aqueous solutions containing different kinds of metal ions. Figure 3 shows how LIS works. The main stage is the formation of LIS with hydrogen filled state [LIS (H)] by removing lithium ions from the lithium filled state [LIS (Li)], principally through Li-H ion exchange, then the adsorption isolation of lithium ions LIS from Li+-containing solutions based on the steric effect. The spent LIS (H) is then regen- erated to form LIS (Li) by adsorption of lithium ions. In General, the process can be called “LIS effect” [131–135]. 7. Lithium ion-sieve In fact, two types of chemical elements can be used, such as LISs, lithium manganese oxide type (LMO type) and lithium titanium oxide type (LTO type). LMO-type LISs are the most popular selective lithium adsorbents at present because of superior lithium absorption abilities, magnificent regeneration performance and high lithium selectivity. In addition, the extraction of lithium from aqueous solutions has recently improved significantly through the use of electrochemical methods. However, the LISs type suffers from the dissolution of manganese in aqueous solutions, which in industrial conditions can lead to serious water contamination. In this regard, LISs type LTO can overcome this problem, can be easily removed from the aqueous solution, and titanium compounds are not harmful to the aquatic environment [136–138]. In addition, LTO-type LISs has much more stable molecular structures due to the high energy of the titanium- oxygen bond compared with LMO-type LISs. But when an electrical potential is applied LISs of type LTO have limited use in extracting lithium from an aque- ous solution. This restriction may prevent future industrial use of LISs type LTO. Thus, LMO-type and LTO-type LISs have their own unique benefits and 16PDF Image | Lithium Recovery from Seawater Salt Lake Brine
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)