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The application of ionic liquids for solvent extraction shows promise for developing high- lithium-affinity and highly efficient extraction processes (Yang et al. 2019). Established commercial solvent extraction expertise (e.g., Tenova) is also being directed toward advancing the technique’s application to lithium extraction from brines. If inexpensive and sustainable chemistries can be developed, solvent extraction may be particularly suitable for geothermal brines with modest lithium concentrations (e.g., most brines outside the Salton Sea). Mixed matrix membranes have been developed comprising polymers and metal organic framework nanoparticles formed into thin films that can separate lithium from monovalent ions in high-salinity brines at high rates, efficiency, and selectivity (Zhang et al. 2018). Chromatography is a proven technology in industrial applications for chemical separations, and researchers at NREL have recently begun investigating application of simulated moving bed chromatography to extraction of lithium and other materials from brines (Karp 2019). In this application, salts present in a brine feed, such as LiCl, and pass over a zwitterionic stationary phase using fresh water as the eluent. Each salt intercalates with the zwitterionic group on the stationary phase and is slowed as it moves downward through the column. The salt movements down the column are slowed at different rates depending on their Van der Waals radius, charge, and solubility so that as the salts move through the stationary phase, they separate based on their differing affinities for the stationary phase. Based on the available public data, general recommendations can be made with respect to optimization and continued development of DLE technologies for processing of geothermal brines at commercial scale. • A variety of DLE processes and brine types have estimated OPEX near $4,000/mt LCE (Table 3). If that is a reasonable estimate, DLE adoption and deployment could advance rapidly once processes are demonstrated at scale with transparent reporting of performance and costs. • Diversity of fluid physical and chemical properties and variations in operational conditions (e.g., plant rejection temperature) require lithium extraction processes to be uniquely tailored to the target geothermal reservoir and power plant. • Stoichiometries of chemical reactions and combinations of reactions guide the application of DLE in terms of reagent and materials costs. • Need for DLE process power and water is mitigated by the availability of on-site geothermal power, heat, and water (RO-processed condensate). This gives geothermal sites a potential advantage over other DLE brine targets. • In addition to lithium, other valuable minerals could potentially be extracted from geothermal brines. Continued attention toward extraction of minerals that are complementary to or compatible with lithium extraction could enhance economic viability. • Because of the high concentration of lithium, Salton Sea geothermal brines are an obvious target for DLE. Further research is needed to economically develop techniques for 21 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines
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Product and Development Focus for Infinity Turbine
ORC Waste Heat Turbine and ORC System Build Plans: All turbine plans are $10,000 each. This allows you to build a system and then consider licensing for production after you have completed and tested a unit.Redox Flow Battery Technology: With the advent of the new USA tax credits for producing and selling batteries ($35/kW) we are focussing on a simple flow battery using shipping containers as the modular electrolyte storage units with tax credits up to $140,000 per system. Our main focus is on the salt battery. This battery can be used for both thermal and electrical storage applications. We call it the Cogeneration Battery or Cogen Battery. One project is converting salt (brine) based water conditioners to simultaneously produce power. In addition, there are many opportunities to extract Lithium from brine (salt lakes, groundwater, and producer water).Salt water or brine are huge sources for lithium. Most of the worlds lithium is acquired from a brine source. It's even in seawater in a low concentration. Brine is also a byproduct of huge powerplants, which can now use that as an electrolyte and a huge flow battery (which allows storage at the source).We welcome any business and equipment inquiries, as well as licensing our turbines for manufacturing.| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |