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Geosciences 2018, 8, 56 13 of 18 Table 4. x maximum Li levels, standard deviations and maximum levels of Li in plants from all 3 trials (units in mg/kg). Plant Species, Trial Number Trial 1, Brassica napus and Li Trial 2, Brassica napus Li and EDTA Trial 3, Brassica napus Li and EDDS Trial 1, Brassica oleracea and Li Trial 2, Brassica oleracea Li and EDTA Trial 3, Brassica oleracea Li and EDDS Trial 1, Helianthus annuus and Li Trial 1, Helianthus annuus Li and EDTA Trial 1, Helianthus annuus Li and EDDS x Li Concentration Standard Deviation 11.3 3.9 1849 914 1461 301 1496 691 1830 625 1739 878 601 354 1081 609 889 554 Max Li 17.5 3577 2590 1456 1830 3091 1875 1926 773 An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the Li values from each plant species to test the null hypothesis that there was no significant difference between all Li data within the groups of each plant. Brassica napus at (F (2,27) = 17.36, p = 1.42−5) rejected the null hypothesis. Post hoc t-tests showed at (t-stat = −8.08, df = 9, p-value = 2.02 × 10−5) a significant difference between trial 1 and 2 and at (t-stat = −5.5, df = 9, p-value = 0.00018) a significant difference between trial 1 and 3. An ANOVA analysis performed on Brassica oleracea data at (F (2,27) = 3.19, p = 3.35) failed to reject the null hypothesis. Post hoc testing revealed at (t-stat = 1.01, df = 9, p-value = 0.169) these was no statistical difference between trial 1 and 2 and at (t-stat = −2.68, df = 9, p-value = 0.012) showed only a marginally significant difference between trial 1 and trial 3 data. The same ANOVA analysis and null hypothesis was carried out on the Helianthus annuus Li data from each trial. At (F (2,27) = 2.17, p = 0.133) it also failed to reject the null hypothesis. Subsequent t-tests at (t-stat = −4.26, df = 9, p-value = 0.001) between trial 1 and 2 data and at (t-stat = −3.14, df = 9, p-value = 0.005) between trial 1 and 3 showed that there was only a marginally significant difference between the groups. Brassica napus despite not been a natural Li accumulator performed significantly better when it came to Li accumulation when both chelating agents were applied, EDTA treated plants showing a marginally higher level that EDDS treated plants. Although Brassica oleracea and Helianthus annuus accumulated large amounts of Li in trial 1, the addition of chelating agents did not increase the amount of Li accumulated by any significant difference. As part of this work both K and Na were measured along with Li in all samples taken from all plant species. A multiple regression analysis was carried out to assess whether there was any association between Li, Na and K levels. The following was observed in trial 1: Brassica napus, Li/Na, r2 = 0.58, Li/K, r2 = −0.1, Brassica oleracea, Li/Na, r2 = −0.15, Li/K, r2 = 0.23, Helianthus annuus, Li/Na, r2 = −0.70, Li/K, r2 = −0.25, Cardamine hirsuta, Li/Na, r2 = 0.53, Li/K, r2 = 0.33. No significant correlations were observed, only weak negative and positive associations were present. An analysis was also performed on data from trials 2 and 3, no significant correlations were observed. 4. Conclusions Agro-mining as a mining technology has not yet being widely implemented. The process takes time compared to conventional mining which produces more immediate results. Mining companies are not yet eager to invest in any commercial scale application of the technology. The main economic considerations of any agro-mining project include; global metal prices, energy recovery and agronomic costs. These factors can determine whether a project is feasible or not [8]. Other considerations such as plant biomass, climate, growth rates and whether the process is introducing an invasive species to an area are also important. In general, hyperaccumulators have a lower biomass than regular plants and are mostly endemic to ultrabasic soils. Induced plant metal accumulation uses endemic crops that have a high biomass. The key value for agro-mining is the amount of metal extracted per hectare multiplied by the value of the metal [84]. Studies have been carried out on hundreds of plant speciesPDF Image | Induced Plant Accumulation of Lithium
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