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Membranes 2021, 11, 575 22 of 29 Membranes 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 of 30 Figure 11. Specific electricity consumption and current efficiency under different operating conditions: (a) comparison of Figure 11. Specific electricity consumption and current efficiency under different operating conditions: (a) comparison the cationic membranes CMX and CMB (Test 1 and Test 2); (b) comparison of 14 and 25 wt% LiCl concentrations at 1000 of the cationic membranes CMX and CMB (Test 1 and Test 2); (b) comparison of 14 and 25 wt% LiCl concentrations at A∙m−2 (Test 1 and Test 3); (c) comparison of the bipolar membranes Neosepta BP and Fumasep FBM (Test 3 and Test 4); 1000 A·m−2 (Test 1 and Test 3); (c) comparison of the bipolar membranes Neosepta BP and Fumasep FBM (Test 3 and Test 4); (d) comparison of 14 and 34 wt% LiCl concentrations at 500 A∙m−2 (Test 5 and Test 6) Initial LiOH concentration 0.5 wt%. (d) comparison of 14 and 34 wt% LiCl concentrations at 500 A·m−2 (Test 5 and Test 6) Initial LiOH concentration 0.5 wt%. According to our results, process energy efficiency is affected with increasing LiOH The influence of the bipolar membranes Neosepta BP and Fumasep FBM influence concentration according to OH− leakage effects and cation membrane deswelling. On the can be observed when comparing Tests 3 and 4 in Figure 11c. When the Neosepta BP other hand, increasing HCl solution concentration promotes a higher leakage of Cl− ions membrane was used, SEC was 10% lower compared to the Fumasep FBM membrane, while into the LiOH compartment, affecting current efficiency in the bipolar mem−brane in the CE was 10% higher. The latter results in a better use of electric current in OH production generation of OH− ions, which also affects solution purity. by the Neosepta BP membrane, resulting in a final LiOH concentration of 4.43 wt%—11.6% Table 8 presents a summary of results obtained in long-running tests. The best result higher when compared to the Fumasep FBM membrane. With the Neosepta BP membrane, was achieved in Test 2, where a Neosepta BP membrane, CMB cationic membrane and when concentrating LiOH solution from 1.93 wt% to 4.43 wt%, SEC increased by 9.5% and current density of 1000 A∙m−2 were used. The possibility was shown of achieving LiOH CE decreased by 11.8%. On the other hand, when concentrating the LiOH solution from solutions between 3.34 and 4.35 wt% concentration, with a range of 96.0–95.4% purity. 1.81 wt% to 3.97 wt% with the Fumasep FBM membrane, SEC increased by 13.9% and CE Product purity is therefore inversely proportional to the final concentration obtained. The decreased by 15.7%. These results show a higher energy yield when using the Neosepta lowest average specific electricity consumption (SEC) was achieved in Test 1 between 6.94 BP membrane. and 8.71 kWh per kilogram of LiOH. On the other hand, the highest electrical current The effects of LiCl concentrations of 14 wt% (Test 5) and 34 wt% (Test 6) with four efficiency (CE) was achieved in Test 2, in the range of 0.77–0.59, with an SEC between 7.57 three-compartment cells and a current density of 500 A·m−2 are presented in Figure 11d. and 9.45 kWh per kilogram of LiOH. For Test 5, with 14 wt% LiCl solution, when concentrating the LiOH solution from 2.05 wt% −1 The CMB membrane presented a high current efficiency despite its higher electrical to 4.13 wt%, specific electricity consumption (SEC) increased from 5.97 to 9.29 kWh·kg , resistance, which can be attributed to a higher resistance to co-ion leakage. However, it is while electrical current efficiency (CE) decreased from 0.69 to 0.46, respectively. On the other nhoatnrde,cfomrTmeesnt6d,eFdigtourues1e1idtwshiothwLsitChlatsoblyutcioncsehnitgrahteinrgthLainO1H4fwrotm%.0T.5h0iswmt%emtobr3a.1n0ewta%s, taesstpedecinficloenlegc-rtruincintyincgotnesutsmaptt2i5onwot%f6L.8iC1lkcWonhcepnetrraktgioLnisO,sHhowaisngobdtaminaegde,twohiticshsttrhuecn- −1 tiunrcereafstedr two o8.9h2oukWrsho·fkpgrocweshseingredaucehitnogthaeLhiOigHhcosnmceontitcraptiroenssoufr3e.8re0awcht%ed.,Wcahuesninugsiintgs rau1p4tuwret%anLdiCcolnsotalmutinoanti(oTnesbte5t)w,ceuenrrLeniCtleaffincdieLniOcyHwsaosluotnioanvse.rCaognes6e.q2u%enhtilgyh,ethrecsoemrepsaurletds atroe3n4owt pt%resLeinCtelds.olution (Test 6). Nevertheless, after reaching a LiOH concentration of 3.35 wt%, CE decreased in an accelerated way due to a decrease in LiCl concentration. For a LiCl concentration of 14 wt%, specific electricity consumption was between 12% and 20% lower compared to 34 wt% LiCl. This can be attributed to a decrease in elec- trolytic conductivity in concentrated aqueous LiCl solutions greater than 7 mol·kg−1 [63] (approximately 23 wt%).PDF Image | Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for LiOH Production
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