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Membranes 2020, 10, 198 19 of 21 be supported with the use of suitable cationic membranes, with optimized ion-exchange capacity, mechanical stability and water uptake that are not affected by loss of permselectivity at high salt concentrations and in the presence of bases. In addition, the use of selective monopolar membranes would contribute the attainment of high purity LiOH in the presence of other divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+. 4.8. Further Work With the results at this stage, the construction of a new bench scale cell is to be defined, including: (a) a closed reactor design, allowing an electrolyte recirculation flow increase, containing devices to capture gases generated in each compartment, and a shorter distance between electrodes; (b) study of new electrocatalytic materials such as electrodes and their effect on electrochemical kinetics, such as RuO2/Ti, IrO2/Ti, Pt/Ti, and study of current distribution lines according to their geometry; (c) development of a predictive mathematical model of LiOH production using this technology, coupling electrochemical kinetics and transport mechanisms across the membrane (d) study of the effect of higher impurity concentrations in the electrolyte such as Mg2+ and Ca2+ on the membrane. 5. Conclusions In all experiments, the obtained LiOH·H2O presents a purity between 93.65 and 99.93%, the highest purity and battery grade were achieved in experiment 4. This was achieved with membrane Nafion 117, nickel as the cathode material, at a temperature of 75 ◦C and 2400 A/m2 current density. The results indicated that product purity was favored by temperatures below 75 ◦C, with a thicker membrane (Nafion 117) and low initial electrolyte concentration. From the point of view of energy efficiency in the membrane electrodialysis cell, the lowest specific electrical consumption (7.25 kWh/kg LiOH) was obtained with a 1200 A/m2 current density, the temperature was 85 ◦C, nickel was used as the cathode and with an initial catholyte concentration of 5.70 wt% LiOH. However, using a low current density presented the disadvantage of decreasing LiOH production. The average specific electrical consumption (SEC) was 9.9 kWh/kg LiOH. At temperatures between 25 ◦C and 75 ◦C current efficiencies in the range of 49.0–51.7% were observed. It is necessary to improve the process to reduce specific electrical consumption and simultaneously achieve better product purity. This improvement can be achieved by developing more selective membranes and finding optimal flow rate and the minimum electrode distance. The work carried out demonstrates the feasibility of using a membrane electrodialysis process to obtain high purity LiOH·H2O (battery grade) and provides information on process sensitivity to variations on different operating conditions. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.G, S.U. and A.G.; methodology, M.G.; formal analysis, M.G.; investigation, A.G., A.Q. and M.G.; data curation, A.G. and A.Q.; writing—original draft preparation, A.G., S.U. and M.G.; writing—review and editing, M.G. and S.U.; supervision, M.G.; funding acquisition, M.G. and S.U. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: Authors thank to ANID/FONDAP/15110019 and FONDECYT REGULAR N◦ 1191347 for the financial support. Alonso Gonzalez expresses thanks to CONICYT for funding his postgraduate studies, CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2017-21170998. Acknowledgments: Adrian Quispe and Alonso González acknowledge the infrastructure and support of Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería de Procesos de Minerales of the Universidad de Antofagasta. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.PDF Image | Battery Grade Li Hydroxide by Membrane Electrodialysis
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