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Membranes 2020, 10, 198 15 of 21 4.4. Cathode Material Influence The effect of the cathode material on energetic parameters (cell voltage, current efficiency and specific electrical consumption) can be observed by comparing experiments 4 and 5 (see Table 3). Use of nickel as a cathode has some advantages. It was observed that the current efficiency was 5% higher, the obtained production rate of LiOH was 23% higher, and the specific electrical consumption was reduced by 21%. The best results obtained for nickel cathode can be attributed to the fact that this material has a lower electrical resistance compared to stainless steel 316. Moreover, there are effects of electrocatalysis related to different electrodes surfaces. This depends on material porosity and electrode effective area (related to the rugosity). An electrode is more electrocatalytic when an increase in its real surface area implies an overpotential reduction as the true current density is lowered. Nickel has advantages by being stable and electrically active. It is frequently used as the main component in the manufacture of cathodic materials for H2 evolution reactions. Catalytic activity is mainly due to electrode surface rugosity [41]. Cell voltage with respect to electrodes material is presented in Figure 10. During the experiments, lower cell voltage was obtained with a nickel electrode as cathode (3.45% lower than the Msteaminbrlaenses-2s0t2e0e,l1e0,lexcFtOroRdPeE)E.RFRroEVmIEaWn energy point of view, the best results were obtained when u1s6inofg2a2 nickel cathode. Figure 10. Cell voltage vs. time of operation by type of cathode at 2400 A/m2. Figure 10. Cell voltage vs time of operation by type of cathode at 2400 A/m2. 4.5. Initial Concentration Influence 4.5. Initial Concentration Influence The effect of the initial concentration can be observed when experiments 2, 8 and 11 are compared, correTshpeonedffiencgt tof tthhreeindiitffiaelrecnotncaenthtroalytitoens wcainthbieniotibasl ecrovnecdenwtrhaetnionesxpoefri1m.1e5nwtst%2, 28.3a0nwd t%11 aanrde c5o.7m0 pwart%ed,ocf oLrirOesHp,onredsipnegctiovethlyr.eeTdheiffrerseunltscainthdoiclyatesthwaithiniintitailalcocnocnecnentrtartaitoionnisnflofue1n.1c5edwst%pec2i.fi30c welet%ctraicnadl c5o.7n0suwmtp%tionf LainOdHp,roredsupcetcptiuvreilty. AThheigrhesiunlitsiailncdoinccaetenttrhaatitoinitniatlhceocnacthenotlyratetioimnpinlifelsuaenhciegdh seplectirfoiclyetilcectorincdaluctoivnistuym,thpetiroenfoaren,daplorwodeurctelpluvroiltya.geAcahnigbheienxitpieacltceodn.cFeonrtr1a.1ti5onwti%n tahnedc2a.3th0owlytt%e iomf pLliiOesHacheilglhvoeletacgtreolsyhtoicwceodndauvcatriviaityio,nthweriethfoinre4, .a89lo–w5.e0r1cVe,llwvhoillteagwehcean LbeiOeHxp5e.c7t0edw. tF%orw1.a1s5uwset%d, an4d.329.3V0cweltl%volftLagiOeHwacselolbvtoalitnaegde.sHhoigwheedleacvtraorliyaticoncownidtuhicntiv4.i8ty9–im5.0p1liVes, wa lhoiwleewr helenctLricOaHl re5s.7is0tawntc%e; wthaesreufsoerde, a l4o.3w9eVr scpeellcvifiocltealgeectwriacsalocbotnaisnuemd.pHtioignhwelaescotrbotlayitnicedco(n8d.8u9c, t8iv.2i5tyainmdp7l.i4e1s akWlowh/ekrgeolefcLtriOicaHl rweasissotabntcaein; tehdefroerfo1r.e1,5awlotw%e, r2.s3p0ewcifti%c ealnecdtr5i.c7a0l wcotn%suLmiOpHtio, rnewspaescotibvtealiyn)e. d (8.89, 8.25 and 7.41 kWh/kg of LiOH was obtained for 1.15 wt%, 2.30 wt% and 5.70 wt% LiOH, respectively). On the other hand, as can be observed in Figure 11, a high initial concentration in the catholyte adversely affects purity of the LiOH solution and therefore less product purity is obtained. This could be attributed to the fact that, for a high LiOH concentration of 5.7 wt%, counterion condensation on the membrane can occur, decreasing its permselectivity [26]. This could also be related to a greaterPDF Image | Battery Grade Li Hydroxide by Membrane Electrodialysis
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