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Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 680 2 of 20 have revealed that this artificial high-tech material is a naturally-formed nanostructure [2], representing ~1.9% of total interstellar carbon [3,4]. Simulation experiments have provided evidence of the chemical steps and physical pathways leading to the formation of two-dimensional sp2-carbon nanostructures in deep space. The current hypothesis is that graphenic structural units originated from a protosolar carbon reservoir and were synthesized in a high-temperature zone near the proto-Sun and during the solar system’s earliest era [5,6]. Most likely, these hexagonal honeycomb struc- tures were generated by the shock-induced decomposition of hydrogenated amorphous carbon grains, which should be very abundant in the circumstellar shells of dying stars. The evolution of such pristine carbonaceous masses in the form of solid units without a long-range order went on through a sequence of intermediate sp2 configurations, which resulted either in crystalline graphite or in the building blocks of amorphous sp2 carbons, the so-called black carbon [7,8]. The studies by Novoselov et al. [9] highlighted that the two-dimensional graphene couples contained the ultimate low mass density with a high stiffness (1 TPa), a great tensile strength (130 Gpa), and high electrical (350,000 cm2/V s) and thermal conductivity (5.3 kW/m K). Unfortunately, such outstanding properties are exhibited only by high- quality single-layer graphene, a miracle material that, up to now, can be produced only in small amounts by using sophisticated methods [10]. The unusual combination of mechanical, electrical, electronic, optical, and thermal properties of graphene have led to a focus on great efforts in the set-up of techniques for the mass-production of graphene-like nanostructures that are able to offer solutions to a variety of technological problems [11,12]. Presently, a lot of physical methods and chemical approaches allow the large-scale production of few-layers graphene, graphene platelets, graphene quantum dots, and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). This last material results from the chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO), which is conducted by chemical exfoliation and the oxidation of crystalline graphite [13,14]. Even if characterised by lower performance with respect to conventional graphene, the achievements obtained using this graphene for the engineering of advanced ma- terials, structures, and devices now make these nanomaterials a key player in all the space-related sectors. Therefore, whereas graphene detected in interstellar media and ancient astromaterials is used to re-tell the story of the universe, artificial honeycomb carbon structures (graphene- based solids) go to space as cutting-edge materials that are able to enhance the mechanical, chemical, electrical, and optical properties of the components and structures in spacecrafts and satellites. In space domains, such multifunctional lightweight graphene materials (hereinafter referred to as graphene) have a transversal impact across all the sectors, from the processing of materials to the assembly of ground equipment and the launcher industry, and from satellite manufacturing/services to space science and exploration, just to name a few. However, advanced and highly competitive coatings, structural components, or func- tional systems rarely make use of graphene on their own. For space applications, graphene is used mainly in combination with metals or polymers, giving rise to nanocomposites where the graphene insertion greatly influences the features of the host matrix. The engineering of graphene-based composites and the design of materials with the on-demand combination of tailored properties are therefore a primary goal of today’s space-related technologies. The focus of this paper is to describe the state-of-art of graphene-based composites and to briefly illustrate some interesting examples of how graphene is applied to over- come challenges posed in space, dwelling on certain key themes that require additional research and drawing attention to some unexpected and surprising applications. Moreover, the issue of the space-related economy [15] is also addressed. In this context, we felt it worthwhile to highlight the relationship between technological evolution and the space economy generated by graphene. This last topic, described in Section 4, has been covered by analysing the worldwide patents and scientific literature trends in the period 2010–2021.PDF Image | Role of Graphene in Space Technology
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