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Chapter 7 – Application of Graphene composites: Raman Strain Sensors Defects: The Raman spectra of the as-supplied FLG-5 and FLG-20 does show a strong D band indicating the presence of in-plane defects as a result of production procedure.123 It was shown that the presence of defects and holes in the graphene will reduce the Young’s modulus of the reinforcement, which would result in the reduced shift rates.4 Along with all the above mentioned plausible reasons, some other general reasons like force fitting a single Lorentzian to the 2D band of FLG could add certain degree of uncertainty to the data. All the above observations confirm that, when using graphene bulk composite coatings as a Raman-based strain sensors, several factors influence the response of the 2D band with strain. Even if the length of the flakes is greater than the critical length of reinforcement, factors such as; processing methods, loading percentage, defects in the material and alignment of flakes within the composites influences the shift rate of the 2D band with strain. These reasons lead to better performance of composite coatings based on MC graphene, than the FLG bulk composite coatings as Raman strain sensor. However, MC graphene is not scalable, so a realistic alternative is to explore the use of CVD graphene as a Raman based strain sensor. 7.3. APPLICATIONS OF CVD GRAPHENE COMPOSITE COATINGS: WIDE- AREA RAMAN STRAIN SENSORS Due to the high strain sensitivity, graphene is a perfect candidate for being wide- area strain sensor. Reserbat-Plantey et al. showed that graphene’s suitability for sensing was such that even real time dynamic measurements could be taken from a single point.443 However, to date graphene has not been studied as a wide-area strain sensor, partly due to a lack of suitable material; MC SLG as demonstrated in this chapter works well but is not scalable. Solvent-exfoliated graphene, as explained in the previous section, is shorter than the critical length of graphene required for efficient stress transfer, meaning that not enough strain is transferred from the composite to the flake.32 Electrochemical-exfoliated graphene despite being longer than the critical length 207PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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