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Chapter 6 – Production of Few Layer Graphene in Aqueous Media for Biological Studies exfoliation (sonication) of graphite in proteins like hydrophobins225 and lysozyme228 producing protein coated FLG. The hydrophobic regions of the protein adsorb on to the graphene surface, when the resulting stable dispersions are presumably due to the reduced surface energy difference between the graphene and hydrophobic side of the protein, and the solvent and hydrophilic side or regions of the protein.225 In this study, natural graphite was directly exfoliated in aqueous HSA solution to produce stable protein-coated FLG dispersion. In a typical experiment, HSA was dissolved in saline PBS buffer (140 mM NaCl, physiological conditions) mixed with natural graphite (5 mg/ml), followed by sonication in water-cooled sonication bath and 2000 rpm centrifugation, to produce protein-coated FLG dispersion (G/HSA) as shown in Figure 6.12. The effect of sonication time and HSA concentration on graphene concentration was first investigated to optimise the process. The concentration of graphene was calculated using Lambert-Beer law by measuring absorbance at 660 nm (𝛼 – 1825 mL mg-1 m-1). Figure 6.12: a) Crystal structure of HSA and the hydrophobic ‘pockets’ (highlighted region) and the structure of tryptophan and tyrosine.404 b) Effect of sonication time on the graphene concentration (HSA concentration: 2.5 mg/ml). c) Effect of HSA concentration on the graphene concentration (Sonication time: 24 hrs, bath sonication). d) UV-Vis absorption spectra of HSA control, as produced G/HSA (24 hrs, HSA conc.: 183PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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