PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES

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PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES ( production-and-applications-graphene-and-its-composites )

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Chapter 5 – Production of Few Layer Graphene in Organic Solvents Figure 5.13: 𝐼𝐷 ⁄𝐼𝐺 ratio as a function of 1⁄〈𝐿〉 for all the samples produced. The linear fit does coincide with the measured value of (𝐼𝐷⁄𝐼𝐺)𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝h𝑖𝑡𝑒 which is also shown. The 〈𝐿〉 was estimated from AFM analysis for all the different samples produced under different conditions. The plot between 𝐼𝐷⁄𝐼𝐺 vs 1⁄〈𝐿〉 is shown in Figure 5.13. It has to be noted that all data from FLG/NMP and FLG/DMF were used for the plots. The linear relationship can be clearly seen between 𝐼𝐷⁄𝐼𝐺 and 1⁄〈𝐿〉 suggesting the observed increase in D band intensity is only due to the edges. Interestingly, the intercept of the straight line (~0.1) coincides approximately with the measured value of (𝐼𝐷⁄𝐼𝐺)𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝h𝑖𝑡𝑒 (~0.08) suggesting that the sonication does not introduce any new basal plane defects in the graphene apart from pre-existing defects in the starting graphite powder.127 The slope of the graph is 𝑘 = 0.14, which is comparable to literature values on the solvent exfoliated graphene by sonication (𝑘 = 0.17 62 and 𝑘 = 0.26 61) and shear exfoliation (𝑘 = 0.17 127). These values can be used in Equation 5-1 such that 𝐿 can be estimated via Raman measurements. 𝐿𝑅𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛 = 0.14 Equation 5.2 𝐼𝐷⁄𝐼𝐺−0.08 However, care should be taken when it comes to the (𝐼𝐷⁄𝐼𝐺)𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝h𝑖𝑡𝑒 (~0.08) and the constant 𝑘 (0.14) as it is shown to vary on the type of graphite used.127 Figure 5.14 shows the length data derived from the Equation 5-2 (𝐿𝑅𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑛) and its correlation with 𝐿𝐴𝐹𝑀 for different sonication and centrifugation speeds used. It can be seen that the 150

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