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scattered light intensity at successive time intervals. The Malvern Zetasizer software v7.03 analyses these information and derives the size measurements. The advantages of using the backscattering angle detectors are; 1) Because of the detector angle, the laser does not have to travel through the entire sample thereby reducing multiple scattering, where the scattered light from one particle is scattered by other particles. Since the light passes through shorter length of the sample, higher concentrations, without dilution, could be measured. 2) Large particles such as dust in dispersion normally scatter light in the forward direction. Hence the effects of dust are greatly reduced using backscattering detectors. The software uses information from the correlation functions and the scattered light intensity to automatically modify the focusing lens position to change the measurement position on the cell. Large samples or highly concentrated solutions scatter more light; in this case, measuring closer to the cuvette walls potentially reduces the effect of multiple scattering. Sample volumes up to ~ 1.5 ml were filled in fluorescence quartz cuvettes (Fisher Scientific 12731685) without dilution for analysis. Since the process is very sensitive to the viscosity and temperature, the instrument was given the specific properties (viscosity and refractive index) of the solvents used. Measurements were made using the normal resolution mode and the samples were equilibrated for 120 seconds before the measurements were started. All IPSD values represented are average of 3-5 mean values. 4.3.4.3. Zeta potential Particles in colloidal suspension usually carry an electrical charge. These electrical charges might arise from surface ionisation of functional groups or adsorption of charged species in the solvent system. Based on the surface charge of the particles, ions with opposite charge form layers around them called electrical double layer. Zeta potential (𝜁) is the potential at the slipping plane of the electrical double layer (Figure 4.12). Higher values of 𝜁 (either +ve or –ve) is indicative of greater electrostatic repulsion between Chapter 4 – Methods 123PDF Image | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE AND ITS COMPOSITES
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